OS/8

                                           System Reference Manual

                                            Order No. AA-H607A-TA











                                    ABSTRACT

                This document describes OS/8 system conventions,
                keyboard commands, and utility programs.






SUPERSESSION/UPDATE INFORMATION:  This manual supersedes sections of OS/8
                                  Handbook (DEC-S8-OSHBA-A-D) and the OS/8
                                  Handbook Update (DEC-S8-OSHBA-A-DN4).

OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION:     OS/8 V3D




















To order additional copies of this document, contact the Software Distribution
Center, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts 01754


             digital equipment corporation * maynard, massachusetts

                                           First Printing, March 1979



The information in this document is subject to change without notice
and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
Corporation.  Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility
for any errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license
and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of such
license.

No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on
equipment that is not supplied by DIGITAL or its affiliated companies.








       Copyright (C) 1979 by Digital Equipment Corporation









The postage-prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last page of this
document requests the user~s critical evaluation to assist us in pre-
paring future documentation.


The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:



         DIGITAL             DECsystem-10        MASSBUS
         DEC                 DECtape             OMNIBUS
         PDP                 DIBOL               OS/8
         DECUS               EDUSYSTEM           PHA
         UNIBUS              FLIP CHIP           RSTS
         COMPUTER LABS       FOCAL               RSX
         COMTEX              INDAC               TYPESET-8
         DDT                 LAB-8               TYPESET-11
         DECCOMM             DECSYSTEM-20        TMS-11
         ASSIST-11           RTS-8               ITPS-10
         VAX                 VMS                 SBI
         DECnet              IAS                 PDT
         DATATRIEVE          TRAX











                               CONTENTS



                                                                Page

DOCUMENTATION SET FOR OS/8                                      xiii

CHAPTER  1         OVERVIEW                                     1-1

         1.1       INTRODUCTION TO OS/8                         1-1
         1.2       OS/8 I/O DEVICES                             1-2
         1.3       HARDWARE CONFIGURATIONS                      1-3
         1.4       SYSTEM SOFTWARE COMPONENTS                   1-4

CHAPTER  2         SYSTEM CONVENTIONS                           2-1

         2.1       PERMANENT DEVICE NAMES                       2-1
         2.2       FILE NAMES AND EXTENSIONS                    2-2
         2.3       UNITS OF STORAGE                             2-4

CHAPTER  3         OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                       3-1

         3.1       INTRODUCTION                                 3-1
         3.2       COMMAND FORMAT                               3-4
         3.3       COMMAND AND FILE OPTIONS                     3-4
         3.3.1       Command Options                            3-5
         3.3.1.1     The Slash Construction -- Single-Letter
                     Options                                    3-5
         3.3.1.2     The Parenthesis Construction -- Multiple-
                     Letter Options                             3-5
         3.3.1.3     The Equal Sign Construction -- Octal
                     Number Options                             3-5
         3.3.2       File Options                               3-5
         3.3.3       Additional Switch Options -- the Dash
                     Construction                               3-6
         3.4       COMMANDS THAT REMEMBER FILE SPECIFICATIONS   3-6
         3.5       USING WILDCARDS                              3-7
         3.5.1       Wildcards in Input Filenames               3-7
         3.5.2       Wildcards in Output Specifications         3-7
         3.5.3       Warnings and Suggestions                   3-8
         3.6       INDIRECT COMMANDS                            3-8
         3.7       USING DEFAULTS                               3-9
         3.8       GETTING HELP -- THE HELP COMMAND             3-9
         3.9       ENTERING A COMMAND LINE -- CORRECTING AND
                   PREVENTING ERRORS                            3-10
         3.10      ASSIGN                                       3-11
         3.10.1      Canceling a Logical Name                   3-11
         3.10.2      Checking for Duplicate Names               3-11
         3.11      BACKSPACE                                    3-12
         3.12      BASIC                                        3-13
         3.13      BOOT                                         3-14
         3.14      CCL                                          3-15
         3.15      COMPARE                                      3-16
         3.15.1      COMPARE Output                             3-16
         3.15.2      COMPARE Options                            3-17


                                 iii


                           CONTENTS (Cont.)



	                                                        Page

	 3.16      COMPILE                                      3-19
	 3.16.1      COMPILE Input                              3-19
	 3.16.2      COMPILE Output                             3-20
	 3.16.2.1    Output File 1 -- the Binary Code           3-20
	 3.16.2.2    Output File 2 -- the Listing File          3-21
	 3.16.2.3    COMPILE Options and Errors                 3-21
	 3.17      COPY                                         3-22
	 3.17.1      COPY Input                                 3-22
	 3.17.2      COPY Output                                3-22
	 3.17.3      COPY Terminal Display                      3-22
	 3.17.4      Predeletion and Postdeletion               3-23
	 3.17.5      COPY Options                               3-23
	 3.18      CREATE                                       3-24
	 3.19      CREF                                         3-25
	 3.19.1      CREF Options                               3-25
	 3.20      DATE                                         3-26
	 3.21      DEASSIGN                                     3-27
	 3.22      DELETE                                       3-28
	 3.22.1      The Conditional DELETE                     3-28
	 3.22.2      DELETE Terminal Display                    3-29
	 3.22.3      DELETE Options                             3-29
	 3.23      DIRECT                                       3-30
	 3.23.1      DIRECT Output                              3-30
	 3.23.2      DIRECT Options                             3-30
	 3.24      DUPLICATE                                    3-32
	 3.25      EDIT                                         3-33
	 3.25.1      Recalling Arguments                        3-33
	 3.26      EOF                                          3-34
	 3.27      EXECUTE                                      3-35
	 3.28      GET                                          3-36
	 3.29      HELP                                         3-37
	 3.30      LIST                                         3-38
	 3.30.1      LIST Options                               3-38
	 3.31      LOAD                                         3-39
	 3.32      MAKE                                         3-40
	 3.33      MAP                                          3-41
	 3.33.1      MAP Output                                 3-41
	 3.33.2      MAP Options                                3-41
	 3.34      MEMORY                                       3-43
	 3.35      MUNG                                         3-44
	 3.36      ODT                                          3-45
	 3.37      PAL                                          3-46
	 3.38      PRINT                                        3-47
	 3.39      PUNCH                                        3-48
	 3.40      R                                            3-49
	 3.41      RENAME                                       3-50
	 3.41.1      RENAME Options                             3-50
	 3.42      RES                                          3-51
	 3.43      REWIND                                       3-52
	 3.44      RUN                                          3-53
	 3.45      SAVE                                         3-54
	 3.45.1      The Job Status Word                        3-55
	 3.46      SET                                          3-56
	 3.47      SKIP                                         3 57
	 3.48      START                                        3-58
	 3.49      SQUISH                                       3-59
	 3.50      SUBMIT                                       3-60


	                         iv


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

         3.51      TECO                                         3-61
         3.52      TERMINATE                                    3-62
         3.53      TYPE                                         3-63
         3.53.1      TYPE Options                               3-63
         3.54      UA, UB, and UC                               3-64
         3.55      UNLOAD                                       3-65
         3.56      VERSION                                      3-66
         3.57      ZERO                                         3-67

CHAPTER  4         THE OS/8 SYMBOLIC EDITOR                     4-1

         4.1       INTRODUCTION                                 4-1
         4.2       CALLING THE EDITOR                           4-1
         4.3       MODES OF OPERATION                           4-2
         4.3.1       Text Mode                                  4-3
         4.3.2       Command Mode                               4-4
         4.3.2.1     Input Commands                             4-5
         4.3.2.2     Listing Commands                           4-6
         4.3.2.3     Output Commands                            4-6
         4.3.2.4     Editing Commands                           4-8
         4.3.2.5     Search Commands                            4-9
         4.3.2.6     Special Command Mode Characters            4-10
         4.4       SEARCHING A TEXT                             4-12
         4.4.1       Single-Charaeter Search -- the S Command   4-12
         4.4.2       The Character String Search                4-13
         4.4.2.1     Intrabuffer String Search                  4-13
         4.4.2.2     Interbuffer String Search -- J Command     4-16
         4.5       EDITOR OPTIONS                               4-17
         4.6       EDITOR ERROR MESSAGES                        4-18
         4.7       SUMMARY OF EDITOR COMMANDS AND SPECIAL
                   CHARACTERS                                   4-19

CHAPTER  5         THE COMMAND DECODER                          5-1

         5.1       ENTERING I/O SPECIFICATIONS                  5-1
         5.2       COMMAND DECODER ERROR MESSAGES               5-3
         5.3       THE CCL AND THE COMMAND DECODER              5-3

CHAPTER  6         BATCH                                        6-1

         6.1       INTRODUCTION                                 6-1
         6.2       BATCH PROCESSING UNDER OS/8                  6-1
         6.2.1       Input Files                                6-2
         6.2.2       Output Files                               6-2
         6.2.3       I/O Devices                                6-2
         6.2.4       Spooling                                   6-2
         6.2.5       Entering File Specifications               6-2
         6.3       BATCH MONITOR COMMANDS                       6-4
         6.3.1       Defining a BATCH Job                       6-4
         6.3.2       Using OS/8 Keyboard Commands               6-5
         6.3.3       Using the Command Decoder                  6-6
         6.3.4       Additional Features                        6-6
         6.4       THE BATCH INPUT FILE                         6-7
         6.5       BATCH ERROR MESSAGES                         6-9
         6.6       RUNNING BATCH FROM PUNCHED CARDS             6-11
         6.7       RESTRICTIONS UNDER OS/8 BATCH                6-12
         6.8       BATCH DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM                  6-13


                                 v


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

         6.9       LOADING AND SAVING BATCH                     6-18
         6.10      LOADING AND SAVING PROGRAMS FOR USE UNDER
                   BATCH                                        6-18
         6.11      TRANSFERRING THE SYSTEM SOFTWARE FROM
                   CASSETTE TO THE SYSTEM DEVICE                6-19
         6.12      RUNNING FORTRAN IV UNDER BATCH IN 32K        6-21

CHAPTER  7         BITMAP                                       7-1

         7.1       FILE AND DEVICE SPECIFICATIONS               7-1
         7.2       BITMAP OUTPUT                                7-2
         7.3       BITMAP ERROR MESSAGES                        7-3
         7.4       ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS                        7-3

CHAPTER  8         BOOT                                         8-1

         8.1       BOOTING WITH BOOT                            8-1
         8.2       BOOT PRIORITIES                              8-2

CHAPTER  9         BUILD                                        9-1

         9.1       OS/8 DEVICE HANDLERS                         9-1
         9.1.1       Cassette Systems                           9-3
         9.1.2       Paper Tape Systems                         9-3
         9.2       CALLING AND USING BUILD                      9-6
         9.3       BUILD COMMANDS                               9-7
         9.3.1       The Hyphen Construction                    9-8
         9.3.2       PRINT                                      9-8
         9.3.3       QLIST                                      9-9
         9.3.4       LOAD                                       9-9
         9.3.5       INSERT                                     9-10
         9.3.6       DELETE                                     9-11
         9.3.7       REPLACE                                    9-12
         9.3.8       UNLOAD                                     9-13
         9.3.9       NAME                                       9-13
         9.3.10      ALTER                                      9-14
         9.3.11      EXAMINE                                    9-15
         9.3.12      DSK                                        9-15
         9.3.13      CORE                                       9-16
         9.3.14      DCB                                        9-16
         9.3.15      CTL                                        9-17
         9.3.16      VERSION                                    9-17
         9.3.17      SIZE                                       9-17
         9.3.18      SYSTEM                                     9-17
         9.3.19      BUILD                                      9-18
         9.3.20      BOOTSTRAP                                  9-19
         9.4       BUILD ERROR MESSAGES                         9-20
         9.5       BUILD DEVICE HANDLER FORMAT                  9-21
         9.5.1       Header Block                               9-22
         9.5.2       Descriptor Block                           9-22
         9.5.3       Breakdown of DCB Word                      9-23
         9.5.4       Entry Point Offset                         9-24
         9.6       CREATING A SYSTEM HANDLER                    9-25

CHAPTER  10        CASSETTE AND MAGNETIC TAPE POSITIONER
                   (CAMP)                                       10-1



                                 vi



                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

         10.1      CAMP COMMANDS                                10-1
         10.1.1      BACKSPACE Command                          10-1
         10.1.2      EOF Command                                10-2
         10.1.3      HELP Command                               10-2
         10.1.4      REWIND Command                             10-3
         10.1.5      SKIP Command                               10-3
         10.1.6      UNLOAD Command                             10-4
         10.1.7      VERSION Command                            10-4
         10.2      CAMP ERROR MESSAGE SUMMARY                   10-5

CHAPTER  11         CROSS-REFERENCE PROGRAM (CREF)              11-1

         11.1      CALLING AND USING CREF                       11-1
         11.1.1      CREF Options                               11-1
         11.1.2      Examples of CREF Usage                     11-2
         11.2      PSEUDO-OP HANDLING                           11-3
         11.3      INTERPRETING CREF OUTPUT                     11-3
         11.4      RESTRICTIONS                                 11-5
         11.5      CREF ERROR MESSAGES                          11-6

CHAPTER  12        DIRECT                                       12-1

         12.1      CALLING AND USING DIRECT                     12-1
         12.1.1      DIRECT Options                             12-2
         12.2      DIRECT EXAMPLES                              12-3
         12.3      DIRECT ERROR MESSAGES                        12-5

CHAPTER  13        DECTAPE COPY AND FORMAT PROGRAMS             13-1

         13.1      DTFRMT                                       13-1
         13.1.1      Loading Procedure                          13-1
         13.1.2      Using the Program                          13-1
         13.1.3      Error Messages                             13-3
         13.1.4      Details of DTFRMT Operation and Storage    13-4
         13.2      TDFRMT                                       13-5
         13.2.1      Operating Procedures                       13-5
         13.2.2      Error Messages                             13-7
         13.2.3      Details of TDFRMT Operation and Storage    13-8
         13.3      DTCOPY                                       13-10
         13.3.1      Error Messages                             13-11
         13.4      TDCOPY                                       13-12
         13.4.1      Error Messages                             13-13
         13.4.2      Details of Operation                       13-15

CHAPTER  14        DUMP                                         14-1

         14.1      FORM FEEDS                                   14-2
         14.2      ADDING THE DUMP HANDLER TO YOUR SYSTEM       14-2
         14.3      FORMAT OF THE DUMP                           14-2

CHAPTER  15        EPIC                                         15-1

         15.1      LOADING EPIC                                 15-1
         15.2      RESTART PROCEDURE                            15-2
         15.3      PAPER TAPE FACILITY                          15-2
         15.4      COMMAND FORMAT                               15-2
         15.5      DEFAULT OPTIONS                              15-3



                                 vii


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

         15.6      ERROR CONDITIONS                             15-4
         15.7      LOW SPEED I/O                                15-4
         15.8      DEVICE CODES                                 15-4
         15.9      EDITING CAPABILITY                           15-5
         15.9.1      Initial Command Format                     15-5
         15.9.2      Editing Commands                           15-5
         15.10     COMPARE CAPABILITY                           15-8
         15.11     ERROR MESSAGES                               15-8
         15.12     PAPER TAPE FORMAT                            15-10
         15.13     LOADING EPIC FROM PAPER TAPE                 15-11
         15.14     EPIC ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS                   15-11

CHAPTER  16        FILE-ORIENTED TRANSFER PROGRAM (FOTP)        16-1

         16.1      CALLING FOTP                                 16-1
         16.1.1      Input Specifications                       16-1
         16.1.2      Output Specifications                      16-3
         16.2      USING FOTP                                   16-3
         16.2.1      Additional FOTP Commands                   16-5
         16.2.2      Advantages of Predeletion                  16-7
         16.2.3      Advantages of Postdeletion                 16-7
         16.2.4      Control Characters                         16-7
         16.3      FOTP OPTIONS                                 16-7
         16.3.1      Examples of FOTP Specification Commands    16-10
         16.4      ERROR MESSAGES                               16-11

CHAPTER  17        FUTIL                                        17-1

         17.1      INTRODUCTION                                 17-1
         17.1.1      Special Characters Used in FUTIL           17-1
         17.1.2      Running FUTIL                              17-2
         17.1.3      Access Method                              17-3
         17.1.4      Referencing Words on the Device            17-5
         17.1.5      Numeric Item (or Numbers)                  17-6
         17.1.6      Errors and Error Messages                  17-7
         17.2      SINGLE-CHARACTER (ODT-LIKE) COMMANDS         17-7
         17.2.1      Symbolic Output Formats                    17-9
         17.3      WORD-TYPE COMMANDS                           17-11
         17.3.1      Output Formats                             17-12
         17.3.1.1    DUMP                                       17-13
         17.3.1.2    LIST                                       17-13
         17.3.1.3    MODIFY                                     17-14
         17.3.2      Search Limits                              17-15
         17.3.2.1    WORD (Search)                              17-16
         17.3.2.2    STRING (Search)                            17-17
         17.3.2.3    SMASK                                      17-18
         17.3.2.4    SET                                        17-18
         17.3.2.5    SHOW                                       17-19
         17.3.2.6    FILE                                       17-20
         17.3.2.7    WRITE                                      17-22
         17.3.2.8    SCAN                                       17-22
         17.3.2.9    REWIND                                     17-22
         17.3.3      File Output                                17-23
         17.3.3.1    OPEN                                       17-23
         17.3.3.2    CLOSE                                      17-24
         17.3.4      Batch Operation                            17-24
         17.3.4.1    IF                                         17-24



                                 viii


                         CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

         17.3.4.2    END                                        17-24
         17.3.4.3    COMMENT                                    17-25
         17.3.4.4    EXIT                                       17-25
         17.3.4.5    EVAL                                       17-25
         17.4      EXAMPLES                                     17-26
         17.5      PROGRAM EXECUTION AND MEMORY ALLOCATION      17-33
         17.6      COMMAND SUMMARY                              17-34
         17.7      SINGLE-CHARACTER COMMAND OUTPUT FORMAT
                   SUMMARY                                      17-35

CHAPTER  18        MAGTAPE/CASSETTE PERIPHERAL INTERCHANGE
                   PROGRAM (MCPIP)                              18-1

         18.1      CALLING AND USING MCPIP                      18-1
         18.1.1      MCPIP Options                              18-2
         18.2      MCPIP ERROR MESSAGES                         18-4

CHAPTER  19        OCTAL DEBUGGING TECHNIQUE (ODT)              19-1

         19.1      FEATURES                                     19-1
         19.2      CALLING AND USING ODT                        19-1
         19.3      COMMANDS                                     19-2
         19.3.1      Special Characters                         19-2
         19.3.2      Illegal Characters                         19-4
         19.3.3      Control Commands                           19-4
         19.4      ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES                        19-4
         19.4.1      Current Location                           19-7
         19.4.2      Indirect References                        19-7
         19 5      ERRORS                                       19-7
         19 6      PROGRAMMING NOTES SUMMARY                    19-7
         19.7      SUMMARY OF ODT COMMANDS                      19-8

CHAPTER  20        PERIPHERAL INTERCHANGE PROGRAM (PIP)         20-1

         20.1      CALLING AND USING PIP                        20-1
         20.1.1      PIP Options                                20-1
         20.1.2      Examples of PIP Specification Commands     20-6
         20.2      ADDITIONAL INFORMATION WORDS IN FILE
                   DIRECTORIES                                  20-8
         20.3      PIP ERROR MESSAGES                           20-8

CHAPTER  21        PIP10                                        21-1

         21.1      CALLING AND USING PIP10                      21-1
         21.2      HOW TO COPY LARGE FILES WITH PIP10 (SR)      21-2
         21.3      PIP10 OPTIONS                                21-2
         21.4      PIP10 EXAMPLES                               21-3
         21.5      ERROR MESSAGES                               21-3

CHAPTER  22        RESOURCES (RESORC)                           22-1

         22.1      CALLING AND USING RESORC                     22-1
         22.2      RESORC OPTIONS                               22-2
         22.2.1      Fast Mode (/F Option)                      22-2
         22.2.2      Limited Mode (/L Option)                   22-2
         22.2.3      Extended Mode (/E Option)                  22-3
         22.3      RESORC ERROR MESSAGES                        22-6



                                 ix


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

CHAPTER  23        RKLFMT DISK FORMATTER PROGRAM                23-1

         23.1      RUNNING THE PROGRAM                          23-1
         23.2      STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES                     23-2
         23.2.1      RK05J Drive Cartridge Mounting Procedure   23-2
         23.2.2      RK05F Drive Setup Procedure                23-2
         23.3      FORMAT PROGRAM                               23-3
         23.4      ERRORS                                       23-4
         23.5      PROGRAM DESCRIPTION                          23-4
         23~6      CONTROL CHARACTERS                           23-5
         23.7      MISCELLANEOUS                                23-5
         23.7.1      Waiting Message                            23-5
         23.7.2      End of Pass                                23-6
         23.7.3      Errors                                     23-6
         23.7.4      Location Changes                           23-6

CHAPTER  24        RXCOPY PROGRAM                               24-1

CHAPTER  25        SET PROGRAM                                  25-1

         25.1      TERMINAL ATTRIBUTES                          25-3
         25.1.1      Arrow                                      25-3
         25.1.2      CODE n                                     25-3
         25.1.3      COLumn n                                   25-4
         25.1.4      ECHO                                       25-4
         25.1.5      ESCape                                     25-4
         25.1.6      FILL                                       25-5
         25.1.7      FLAG                                       25-5
         25.1.8      HEIGHT m                                   25-5
         25.1.9      LC                                         25-6
         25.1.10     PAGE                                       25-6
         25.1.11     PAUSE n                                    25-6
         25.1.12     SCOPE                                      25-7
         25.1.13     TAB                                        25-7
         25.1.14     WIDTH n                                    25-7
         25.2      CARD READER ATTRIBUTES                       25-8
         25.2.1      CODE n                                     25-8
         25.3      MAGNETIC TAPE ATTRIBUTES                     25-8
         25.3.1      PARITY x                                   25-8
         25.3.2      FILES                                      25-8
         25.4      SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES                            25-9
         25.4.1      INITIAL xxxxx                              25-9
         25.4.2      OS8                                        25-9
         25.4.3      OS78                                       25-9
         25.5      LINE PRINTER ATTRIBUTES                      25-10
         25.5.1      LA78                                       25-10
         25.5.2      LA8A                                       25-10
         25.5.3      LC                                         25-10
         25.5.4      LV8E                                       25-10
         25.5.5      WIDTH n                                    25-11
         25.6      ANY DEVICE ATTRIBUTES                        25-11
         25.6.1      FILES                                      25-11
         25.6.2      DVCode nn                                  25-12
         25.6.3      LOCation n=m or LOCation n                 25-12
         25.6.4      READOnly                                   25-13
         25.6.5      VERSION x                                  25-13
         25.6.6      BLOCK b, LOCation n=m or BLOCK b, LOC n    25-13


                                 x


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page

CHAPTER  26        SRCCOM                                       26-1

         26.1      SRCCOM ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS                 26-1
         26.2      LOADING SRCCOM                               26-1
         26.3      SRCCOM OUTPUT                                26-2
         26.4      ERROR MESSAGES                               26-4

APPENDIX A         CHARACTER CODES                              A-1

APPENDIX B         LOADING PROCEDURES                           B-1

         B.1       INITIALIZING THE SYSTEM                      B-1
         B.2       LOADERS                                      B-1
         B.2.1       Binary (BIN) Loader                        B-6

APPENDIX C         OS/8 DEMONSTRATION RUN                       C-1

APPENDIX D         OS/8 FILE NAME EXTENSIONS                    D-1

APPENDIX E         OS/8 DEVICE HANDLERS                         E-1

         E.1       HIGH-SPEED READER/PUNCH                      E-1
         E.2       LOW-SPEED READER/PUNCH                       E-1
         E.3       TTY HANDLERS                                 E-1
         E.4       LINE PRINTERS                                E-2
         E.5       VR12 SCOPE                                   E-2
         E.6       CARD READER                                  E-3
         E.7       DECTAPES                                     E-3
         E.8       MAGNETIC TAPE                                E-3
         E.9       CASSETTES                                    E-3
         E.10      BATCH HANDLER                                E-4
         E.11      DSK AND SYS                                  E-4

APPENDIX F         OBTAINING OS/8 PROGRAM VERSION NUMBERS       F-1



                               FIGURES


FIGURE   6-1       Sample BATCH Input File                      6-7
         6-2       Punched Card Input File                      6-12
         B-1       Loading the RIM Loader                       B-4
         B-2       Checking the RIM Loader                      B-5
         B-3       Loading the BIN Loader                       B-7
         B-4       Loading a Binary Tape Using BIN              B-9



                               TABLES


TABLE    2-1       Permanent Device Names                       2-1
         2-2       OS/8 File Name Extensions                    2-3
         3-1       Keyboard Monitor Error Messages              3-1
         3-2       Switch Options                               3-6
         4-1       Editor Key Control Commands                  4-2



                                 xi


                          CONTENTS (Cont.)



                                                                Page


                          TABLES (Cont.)


TABLE    4-2       Editor Input Commands                        4-5
         4-3       Editor Listing commands                      4-6
         4-4       Editor Output Commands                       4-7
         4-5       Editing Commands: Deletion and Alteration    4-9
         4-6       Editor Search Commands                       4-10
         4-7       Editor Special Characters: Command Mode      4-10
         4-8       Aborting Editor String Search Commands       4-17
         4-9       Nonfatal Editor Error Messages               4-18
         4-10      Editor Error Codes                           4-19
         4-11      Editor Command and Special Characters        4-19
         5-1       Examples of Output to the Command Decoder    5-1
         5-2       Examples of Input to the Command Decoder     5-2
         5-3       Command Decoder Error Messages               5-3
         6-1       Run-Time Options                             6-3
         6-2       BATCH Monitor Commands                       6-5
         6-3       BATCH Error Messages                         6-9
         7-1       Bitmap Options                               7-2
         8-1       BOOT Mnemonics                               8-2
         9-1       Standard DECtape System Device Handlers      9-2
         9-2       Standard Cassette System Device Handlers     9-3
         9-3       Standard Paper Tape System Device Handlers   9-3
         9-4       OS/8 Device Handlers                         9-4
         9-5       BUILD Editing Characters                     9-7
         9-6       BUILD Error Messages                         9-20
         9-7       DCB Word                                     9-23
         10-1      CAMP Error Messages                          10-5
         11-1      CREF Options                                 11-2
         11-2      CREF Error Messages                          11-7
         12-1      DIRECT Options                               12-2
         12-2      DIRECT Error Messages                        12-5
         15-1      EPIC Commands                                15-6
         15-2      EPIC Error Messages                          15-9
         16-1      FOTP Options                                 16-8
         16-2      FOTP Error Messages                          16-12
         18-1      MCPIP Options                                18-2
         18-2      MCPIP Error Messages                         18-4
         19-1      ODT Command Summary                          19-8
         20-1      PIP Options                                  20-1
         20-2      PIP Error Messages                           20-8
         21-1      PIP10 Error Messages                         21-4
         22-1      RESORC Device Types                          22-3
         22-2      RESORC Error Messages                        22-6
         24-1      RXCOPY Options                               24-1
         24-2      RXCOPY Error Messages                        24-2
         25-1      SET Command Attributes                       25-1
         25-2      SET Error Messages                           25-2
         26-1      SRCCOM Run-Time Options                      26-2
         A-1       ASCII Character Set                          A-1
         B-1       RIM Loader for Low-Speed Reader              B-2
         B-2       RIM Loader for High-Speed Reader             B-3





                                 xii












                     DOCUMENTATION SET FOR OS/8



OS/8 SYSTEM GENERATION NOTES (AA-H606A-TA)

          The System Generation Notes provide the information you need
          to get a new OS/8 system running.

OS/8 SYSTEM REFERENCE MANUAL (AA-H607A-TA)

          The  System  Reference   Manual   describes   OS/8    system
          conventions, keyboard commands, and utility programs.

OS/8 TECO REFERENCE MANUAL (AA-H608A-TA)

          The TECO Reference Manual describes the OS/8 version of this
          character-oriented text editing and correcting program.

OS/8 LANGUAGE REFERENCE MANUAL (AA-H609A-TA)

          The  Language  Reference  Manual   describes  all  languages
          supported by OS/8, including BASIC, FORTRAN IV, and the PAL8
          assembly language.

OS/8 ERROR MESSAGES (AA-H610A-TA)

          This manual lists in alphabetical order all  error  messages
          generated by OS/8 system programs and languages.






















                                 xiii









                               CHAPTER 1

                               OVERVIEW



1.1  INTRODUCTION TO OS/8

This manual describes the OS/8 keyboard commands, the OS/8 Editor, and
the  OS/8  library  of  utility  programs.   These commands and system
programs enable you to develop user-written programs in PAL8  assembly
language, BASIC, FORTRAN IV, and other languages available under OS/8.

The OS/8 library includes the following system programs.

BATCH
     The BATCH monitor enables you to prepare a job on punched  cards,
     high-speed paper tape, or the system device and then leave it for
     OS/8 to run.

BITMAP
     The BITMAP program produces a table to show the locations that  a
     binary file occupies in memory.

BOOT
     The BOOT program loads standard hardware bootstraps into memory.

BUILD
     The BUILD program lets you alter the device configuration in your
     system to insert new devices or add user-written handlers.

CAMP
     The Cassette and Magnetic Tape Positioner program enables you  to
     manipulate cassettes and magnetic tapes.

CREF
     The Cross Reference Program produces a table in assembly listings
     that enables you to locate references to symbols and literals.

DIRECT
     The DIRECT program produces various types of directories.

DTFRMT, DTCOPY,TDFRMT, TDCOPY
     These programs format and copy DECtapes.

DUMP
     The DUMP program sends listings to the LP08 line printer.

EPIC
     The Edit, Punch, and Compare  program  reads  and  punches  paper
     tapes, edits files, and compares files in any format.

FOTP
     The File-Oriented Transfer  Program  transfers  groups  of  files
     between file-structured devices.



                                 1-1

                              OVERVIEW


FUTIL
     The File Utility program enables you to examine  and  modify  the
     contents of mass storage devices.

MCPIP
     The  Magtape/Cassette  Peripheral  Interchange   Program   is   a
     file-transfer program for cassettes and magnetic tapes.

ODT
     The Octal Debugging Technique enables you  to  run  and  debug  a
     program by typing instructions at the keyboard.

PIP
     The  Peripheral  Interchange  Program  transfers  files   between
     devices and provides file and directory maintenance functions.

PIP10
     This is a file-transfer  program  that  reads  and  writes  ASCII
     DECtape files using a TC08 or TD8E DECtape controller.

RESORC
     The RESORC program prints a listing of active device handlers.

RKLFMT
     The RKLFMT program formats RK05 disks.

RXCOPY
     The RXCOPY program copies diskettes.

SET
     The SET program makes it possible for you to modify the operating
     characteristics of OS/8.

SRCCOM
     The Source Compare program compares two source files line by line
     and prints the differences.



1.2  OS/8 I/O DEVICES

OS/8 provides device independence.  You  can  write  programs  without
concern  for  specific  I/O  devices.   In  running a program, you can
select the most effective I/O devices available.  Furthermore, if  the
system configuration is altered, you need not rewrite programs to take
advantage of the new configuration.

The OS/8 system controls the copying of data from any  medium  to  any
other  medium  by  means  of subroutine calls to execute I/O routines.
Logical names can be assigned to devices within the system  to  enable
symbolic referencing of devices.

Variable-length I/O buffers can be  specified  by  the  user  program.
Large buffers ensure efficient use of storage devices and a minimum of
time spent in data-transfer operations by  minimizing  disk  and  tape
motion.  OS/8 takes full advantage of the RK8E disk pack for fast bulk
storage, yet full system services are possible with a single DECtape.








                                  1-2

                               OVERVIEW


1.3  HARDWARE CONFIGURATIONS

The OS/8 system can operate with the following devices as  the  system
device.

     TC01/TC08 DECtape
     LINCtape (PDP-12)
     TD8E DECtape
     DF32/RF08 disk
     RK8E disk
     RK8 disk
     RX01 diskette

The term system device refers to the device on which the  OS/8  System
resides  and  which  it  utilizes for system functions.  Thus, DECtape
unit 0 is the system device for a DECtape-based system.   A  nonsystem
device  is  any peripheral not specifically used for system functions,
such as LPT:, PTR:, DTA2:, etc.

TD8E DECtape can be used either with 12K words of core memory or  with
8K words of core memory and 256 words of Read-Only-Memory (ROM).

If DF32 is the system device,  at  least  64K  (2  platters)  must  be
available.

The minimum OS/8 configuration is a  PDP-8  series  computer  with  8K
words  of memory, one DECtape used as the system device, and a console
terminal.  A multiple DECtape system performs appreciably faster  than
a  single DECtape system.  The multiple DECtape system reduces DECtape
motion since it is possible to  copy  directly  (without  intermediate
searching)  from the system DECtape to another DECtape (or vice versa)
when editing or assembling.

A typical medium-sized system might contain a PDP-8/E with at least 8K
words  of core memory, TD8E DECtape and control, and an RK8E disk pack
and control.  A disk system offers the additional convenience of  easy
and fast access to files and large amounts of storage.

Up to 15 of the following devices can be included  in  a  single  OS/8
system:

     *  As  many  as  8  DECtape  units  (TC01/TU55,   TC08/TU56,   or
        TD8E/TU56)

     *  TA8E/TU60 cassette units

     *  TM8E/TU10 magnetic tape units

     *  High-speed paper tape reader/punch

     *  Up to four RK8E disks

     *  Up to four RK8 disks

     *  Up to four RS08 disks










                                 1-3

                               OVERVIEW


     *  up to four DF32 disks

     * Card reader (optical mark or punched cards)

     * Line printer

     * PDP-12 LINCtape

     * PDP-12 scope

     *  Any other device for which it is possible to  write  a  device
        handler in one or two pages of core



1.4 SYSTEM SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

The main software components of the OS/8 system include

     Keyboard Monitor
     The Concise Command Language
     Command Decoder
     Library of system programs
     Device handlers
     User Service Routine (USR)

The Keyboard Monitor provides communication between you and  the  OS/8
executive  routines  by  accepting commands from the console terminal.
The commands enable you to  create  logical  names  for  devices,  run
system and user programs, and save programs.

The Concise Command Language (CCL) provides an extended set of Monitor
Commands.

The Command Decoder allows you to communicate with  a  system  library
program  by  accepting  a  command string from the keyboard indicating
input/output files.  Following your keyboard command to run  a  system
library  program,  the  Command  Decoder  prints  an asterisk and then
accepts the command line containing device and file specifications.

The library of system programs  contains  the  programs  mentioned  in
Section 1.1 and any of the extension programs you choose.

Device handlers are subroutines designed to transfer data to and  from
peripheral  devices.   OS/8  is  able  to interface with as many as 15
different peripherals at a time.   During  system  generation,  device
handlers  become an integral part of the system;  both system and user
programs have access to any  available  device.   (The  BUILD  program
allows quick and easy alteration of any available device.)

The User Service Routine (USR) controls the directory  operations  for
the  OS/8  system.   A  program  can  use the USR by means of standard
subroutine calls  such  as  those  used  to  activate  device  handler
subroutines.   Some  of the functions performed by the USR are loading
device handlers, searching  file  directories,  creating  and  closing
output  files,  calling the Command Decoder, and chaining of programs.
The details on the operation and use of the USR are contained  in  the
OS/8  Software  Support  Manual  (DEC-S8-OSSMB-A-D).   For normal OS/8
_______________________________
usage, the USR function is unseen by  the  user  and  need  be  of  no
concern.






                                 1-4

                               OVERVIEW


When OS/8 is operating, the Command Decoder, Keyboard Monitor, and USR
are  swapped into core from the system device as required.  When their
operation has been  completed,  the  previous  contents  of  core  are
restored.

The memory-resident portion of OS/8 is extremely  small  (256  words),
allowing for a maximum use of memory by user programs.



















































                                 1-5









                              CHAPTER 2

                         SYSTEM CONVENTIONS



OS/8 observes the following  conventions  in  the  names  of  devices,
files, and units of storage.



2.1  PERMANENT DEVICE NAMES

During configuration, the OS/8 BUILD program assigns  permanent  names
to   the  devices  in  a  system.   You  can  change  these  names  by
reconfiguring the system, but you must keep  in  mind  that  some  CCL
commands  and  system  programs operate on the assumption that certain
names are present.  The DIRECT command, for  example,  uses  the  name
TTY:  as  a  default device for listings, and the CREF program assumes
LOT:  as a default output device.  Therefore, it is good  practice  to
keep the following names always present on the system.

     SYS:
     DSK:
     TTY:
     LOT:

Table 2-1 lists all the device names used by OS/8.


                              Table 2-1
                        Permanent Device Names

+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Permanent Name   |                    I/O Device		     |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|		   |						     |
|      SYS         |     System device (disk if  the  system  has  a |
|                  |     large disk -- RK8 or RF08;  otherwise DTA0) |
|		   |						     |
|      DTAn        |     DECtape n, where n is  an  integer  in  the |
|                  |     range 0 to 7, inclusive		     |
|		   |						     |
|      LTAn        |     When using BUILD, LINCtapes may  be  called |
|                  |     LTA  rather  than  DTA.  n is an integer in |
|                  |     the range 0 to 7 inclusive.		     |
|		   |						     |
|      DSK         |     Default storage device for all files.   The |
|                  |     assignment  of  DSK  is specified at system |
|                  |     generation time.  Usually DSK is  the  disk |
|                  |     on  a  single  disk  system  or  DTA0  on a |
|                  |     DECtape system.			     |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
                                            (continued on next page)



                                 2-1

                          SYSTEM CONVENTIONS


                          Table 2-1 (Cont.)
                        Permanent Device Names

+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Permanent Name   |                    I/O Device		     |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
|		   |						     |
|      TTY         |     Terminal keyboard and printer		     |
|		   |						     |
|      PTP         |     Paper tape punch			     |
|		   |						     |
|      PTR         |     Paper tape reader (Before accepting  input, |
|                  |     the system prints an up-arrow (^), to which |
|                  |     the user replies by typing any key.)	     |
|		   |						     |
|      CDR         |     Card reader				     |
|		   |						     |
|      LPT         |     Line printer (Performs a form  feed  before |
|                  |     it   begins  printing  output  from  a  new |
|                  |     program.)				     |
|		   |						     |
|      CSAn        |     Cassette drive n, where n is an integer  in |
|                  |     the range 0 to 7, inclusive		     |
|		   |						     |
|      MTAn        |     Magnetic  tape  drive  n,  where  n  is  an |
|                  |     integer in the range 0 to 7 inclusive	     |
|		   |						     |
|      DF          |     DF32 disk				     |
|		   |						     |
|      RF          |     RF08 disk				     |
|		   |						     |
|      RKAn        |     RK01 or RK05 disk unit n,  where  n  is  an |
|                  |     integer in the range 0 to 3		     |
|		   |						     |
|      TV          |     VR12 scope (PDP-12 only)		     |
|		   |						     |
|      BAT         |     Pseudo device which reads from BATCH  input |
|                  |     stream (see BATCH section in Chapter 2)     |
|		   |						     |
|      RXAn        |     Diskette n (floppy), where n is an  integer |
|                  |     in the range of 0-7 inclusive		     |
|		   |						     |
|      RKBn        |     DECpack n, where n is  an  integer  in  the |
|                  |     range 0-1				     |
|		   |						     |
|      NULL        |     Device which on input returns an  immediate |
|                  |     end-of-file    and    on   output   ignores |
|                  |     characters.				     |
|		   |						     |
|      DUMP        |     Prints contents of device blocks on LPT.    |
+------------------+-------------------------------------------------+


2.2  FILE NAMES AND EXTENSIONS

File names may contain up to  six  alphanumeric  characters,  followed
optionally   by   a  period  and  an  extension  of  two  alphanumeric
characters.  The extension usually identifies the file by  type.   For
example,  a  .PA  extension  after a file name indicates that the file
contains a PAL8 source program.






                                 2-2

                          SYSTEM CONVENTIONS


In most cases, you will want to conform  to  the  standard  extensions
established  for  OS/8.   If  you omit the extension on an output file
specification, some system programs append assumed extensions.   PAL8,
for  example,  will  add .PA to an output file.  If you specify a file
for input and omit the extension, some system programs will look for a
file with an assumed extension.  For example, if you specify a program
called PUMP as input to PAL8, PAL8 looks for PUMP.PA.  If it fails  to
find it, it looks for the file name and no extension.  Table 2-2 lists
the file name extensions used by OS/8.


                              Table 2-2
                      OS/8 File Name Extensions

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| .BA                    BASIC source file (default extension for  a |
|                        BASIC input file)			     |
|								     |
| .BI                    Batch input file			     |
|								     |
| .BK                    Backup ASCII file (default extension for  a |
|                        TECO output file)			     |
|								     |
| .BN                    Absolute binary file (default extension for |
|                        ABSLDR,  BUILD,  and  BITMAP  input  files; |
|                        also used as  default  extension  for  PAL8 |
|                        binary output file)			     |
|								     |
| .DA                    Data file				     |
|								     |
| .DC                    Documentation file			     |
|								     |
| .DI                    Directory listing			     |
|								     |
| .FT                    FORTRAN  language  source   file   (default |
|                        extension for FORT input files)	     |
|								     |
| .HL                    Help file (default extension for HELP input |
|                        files)					     |
|								     |
| .LD                    F4 load mode (default assumed  by  run-time |
|                        system, F4 loader)			     |
|								     |
| .LS                    Assembly  listing  output   file   (default |
|                        extension for PAL8 and SABR)		     |
|								     |
| .MA                    Macro source file			     |
|								     |
| .MP                    File containing a loading map (used by  the |
|                        Linking Loader)			     |
|								     |
| .PA                    PAL8 source file			     |
|								     |
| .RA                    RALF assembly language file		     |
|								     |
| .RB                    Relocatable binary source file		     |
|								     |
| .RL                    Relocatable binary file (default  extension |
|                        for a Linking Loader input file;  also used |
|                        as the default extension  for  an  8K  SABR |
|                        output file)				     |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
                                            (continued on next page)



                                 2-3

                          SYSTEM CONVENTIONS


                          Table 2-2 (Cont.)
                      OS/8 File Name Extensions

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| .SB                    8K SABR source file			     |
|								     |
| .SV                    Core image file or SAVE file;  appended  to |
|                        a  file  name  by the R, RUN, SAVE, and GET |
|                        Keyboard Monitor commands		     |
|								     |
| .SY                    System head				     |
|								     |
| .TE                    TECO macro file (default  extension  for  a |
|                        MUNG input file)			     |
|								     |
| .TM                    Temporary file generated by FORTRAN or SABR |
|                        for  system use (default extension for CREF |
|                        input files and PAL8 output files)	     |
|								     |
| .TX                    Text files				     |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+


2.3  UNITS OF STORAGE

OS/8 uses the terms "word", "page", "record", and "block" to  describe
units of storage.  In directory listings, for example, OS/8 lists file
lengths in blocks or records.  The terms are defined thus:

     1 block=1 record=2 pages=256(decimal) words

A word consists of 12 bits.






























                                 2-4








                               CHAPTER 3

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS



3.1  INTRODUCTION

The    OS/8    Monitor    and    the    Concise    Command    Language
program -- CCL.SV -- provide   you  with  more  than  fifty  different
keyboard commands.

     *  The Monitor provides the following  commands,  which  you  may
        abbreviate to the first two letters.

             ASSIGN
             DEASSIGN
             GET
             SAVE
             ODT
             RUN
             R
             START
             DATE

        The Monitor displays a dot to indicate that  it  is  ready  to
        accept a command.

        To execute a command that you  have  typed,  press  RETURN  or
        ALTMODE.

        Any error that you make in the use of  these  commands  causes
        the  Monitor  to  print an error message, display the dot, and
        wait for you to try again.  For a description of  these  error
        messages, see Table 3-1.


                              Table 3-1
                   Keyboard Monitor Error Messages

+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|        Message          |                   Meaning		     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|			  |					     |
| BAD ARGS                |   The arguments to the SAVE command  are |
|                         |   not     consistent     and     violate |
|                         |   restrictions listed in 1, 2,  3  under |
|                         |   SAVE command.			     |
|			  |					     |
| BAD CORE IMAGE          |   The   file   requested   was   not   a |
|                         |   core-image file (it could have been an |
|                         |   ASCII or binary file).		     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
                                            (continued on next page)




                                 3-1

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


                          Table 3-1 (Cont.)
                   Keyboard Monitor Error Messages

+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|        Message          |                   Meaning		     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|			  |					     |
| BAD DATE                |   The  date   has   not   been   entered |
|                         |   correctly    (using    slashes),    or |
|                         |   incorrect arguments were used, or  the |
|                         |   date was out of range.		     |
|			  |					     |
| ILLEGAL ARG.            |   The SAVE  command  was  not  expressed |
|                         |   correctly;  illegal syntax used.	     |
|			  |					     |
| MONITOR ERROR 2 AT xxxx |   Attempt made to  output  to  a  WRITE- |
| (DIRECTORY I/O ERROR)   |   LOCKed device, usually DECtape;  or an |
|                         |   error  has  occurred reading/writing a |
|                         |   directory.			     |
|			  |					     |
| MONITOR ERROR 5 AT xxxx |   An error occurred while doing  I/O  to |
|   (I/O ERROR ON SYS)    |   the  system  device.   This  error  is |
|                         |   normally    the    result    of    not |
|                         |   WRITE-ENABLing the system device.	     |
|			  |					     |
| MONITOR ERROR 6 AT xxxx |   A  directory  overflow  has   occurred |
|  (DIRECTORY OVERFLOW)   |   (no  room  for tentative file entry in |
|                         |   directory).			     |
|			  |					     |
| name NOT AVAILABLE      |   The device with the name given is  not |
|                         |   listed  in  any system table, or it is |
|                         |   not available for use  at  the  moment |
|                         |   (check the device in question), or the |
|                         |   user tried to  obtain  input  from  an |
|                         |   output-only   device   (such   as  the |
|                         |   high-speed paper tape punch).	     |
|			  |					     |
| name NOT FOUND          |   The file with the name given  was  not |
|                         |   found  on the device indicated, or the |
|                         |   user   tried   to   input   from    an |
|                         |   output-only device.		     |
|			  |					     |
| NO!!                    |   The user attempted to start (with .ST) |
|                         |   a program that cannot be started.  The |
|                         |   user must not restart any user program |
|                         |   or   system   library   program   that |
|                         |   modified  itself  while in core (bit 2 |
|                         |   of the Job Status  Word  is  set;  see |
|                         |   the GET command for details).	     |
|			  |					     |
| NO CCL!                 |   The command was not a  legal  keyboard |
|                         |   monitor  command.   It was, however, a |
|                         |   valid  CCL  command;   but  the   file |
|                         |   CCL.SV  was not found, or an I/O error |
|                         |   occurred  while  trying  to  read  the |
|                         |   file.				     |
|			  |					     |
| SAVE ERROR              |   An I/O error has occurred while saving |
|                         |   the  program.   The  program   remains |
|                         |   intact in core.			     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
                                            (continued on next page)




                                 3-2

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


                          Table 3-1  (Cont.)
                   Keyboard Monitor Error Messages

+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|        Message          |                   Meaning		     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+
|			  |					     |
| SYSTEM ERR              |   An error occurred while doing  I/O  to |
|                         |   the  system device.  The system should |
|                         |   be restarted at 7600 or 7605.  Do  not |
|                         |   press  CONTinue,  as  this  is sure to |
|                         |   cause further errors.		     |
|			  |					     |
| TOO FEW ARGS            |   An important argument has been omitted |
|                         |   from a command.  For example,	     |
|			  |					     |
|                         |   ._RUN DSK				     |
|			  |					     |
|                         |   would generate this  message,  as  the |
|                         |   program to be run has not been entered |
|                         |   in the command.			     |
|			  |					     |
| USER ERROR 0 AT xxxx    |   An  input  error  was  detected  while |
|                         |   loading  the  program.  xxxx refers to |
|                         |   the Monitor location where  the  error |
|                         |   was generated.			     |
|			  |					     |
| abcd?                   |   Where abcd is  not  a  legal  command; |
|                         |   for example, if the user typed:	     |
|			  |					     |
|                         |   ._HELLO				     |
|			  |					     |
|                         |   the system would echo:		     |
|			  |					     |
|                         |   HELLO?				     |
+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+

     *  The  Concise  Command  Language  program  (CCL)  provides   an
        extended  set  of  Monitor  commands.   Some of these commands
        allow you to call a  system  program  indirectly,  perform  an
        operation,  and  return  automatically  to  the Monitor.  This
        method is simpler to use than the  standard  calling  sequence
        for  a  program.  For example, the following two-line sequence
        causes PAL8 to assemble a source program called  SCOOP.PA  and
        send a binary and listing file to DSK, the default device.

             ._R PAL8
             *_SCOOP.BN,SCOOP.LS<SCOOP.PA

        You can obtain the same results faster by using  the  CCL  PAL
        command with the -LS option.

             ._PAL SCOOP.PA-LS

        Other CCL commands perform  special  functions  not  available
        through OS/8 utility programs.

        You can write your own CCL commands and add them  to  the  CCL
        program.   For  instructions,  see  the  OS/8 Software Support
                                                 _____________________
        Manual.
        ______






                                 3-3

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


        You enter a CCL command the same  way  you  enter  a  Keyboard
        Monitor Command -- in response to the terminal dot.  Normally,
        you terminate the command line with the RETURN key.  Depending
        on  the  characteristics of the command you are using, control
        may return to the Monitor when the operation is  completed  or
        may  remain  within  another  OS/8  program.   To remain under
        program control when control would  normally  return  to  you,
        terminate  the  CCL  command with an ALTMODE.  (Note that this
        termination procedure is the opposite of  the  way  most  OS/8
        programs work.)

        A special CCL command -- called CCL -- deactivates the  entire
        Concise Command Language Program and all the commands that run
        under it.  To reactivate the program, you must run it with the
        R command.

        CCL provides the following commands, which you may  abbreviate
        to the letters printed as capitals:

             BACkspace     DUplicate   PRInt      UC
             BAsic         EDIT        PUnch      UNLoad
             BOot          DOF         REName     VERsion
             CCL           EXEcute     RES        ZERO
             COMPare       HELp        REWind
             COMpile       LIst        SET
             COPy          LOad        SKIP
             CREate        MAKe        SQuish
             CREF          MAP         SUbmit
             DAte          MEMory      TEco
             DEassign      MUNG        TYpe
             DELete        ODT         UA
             DIRect        PAL         UB



3.2 COMMAND FORMAT

The general format of the command line is

     command output:file<input:file/option

where

     command   is a legal OS/8 command

     output:   is the name of the device you specify to receive output

     file      is the name and extension of an output file

     input:    is the name of the device you specify for input

     file      is the name and extension of an input file

     /option   is a command qualifier

Some commands permit multiple file\and device  specifications;   refer
to the descriptions of the commands you want to use for details.



3.3 COMMAND AND FILE OPTIONS

OS/8 command options let you choose the way  you  want  to  execute  a
command.   File  options  let  you  optimize  the storage on an output
device.


                                 3-4

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.3.1  Command Options

OS/8 recognizes single letters, letter strings, and numbers as symbols
for  command  options.   All  options are defined in this manual along
with the commands they modify.



3.3.1.1  The     Slash     Construction -- Single-Letter     Options -
Single-letter  options  follow  a slash (/) and may appear anywhere in
the command line even in the middle of a filename.   For example, this
line

     ._COPY RXA1:SECOND.EX<RXA0:FIRST.EX/T

and this line

     ._COPY RXA1:SECOND.EX/T<RXA0:FIRST.EX

both specify the /T option, which causes  the  system  to  assign  the
current date to the output file.



3.3.1.2  The Parenthesis Construction -- Multiple-Letter  Options - If
yod  use  two  or more letter options in a command line, you may group
them together as a string within parentheses.  This  construction  may
appear anywhere in the line.  For example, this command

     ._COPY RXA1:OUTPUT.EX<SYS:INPUT.EX(QT)

is the same as typing

     ._COFY RXA1:OUTPUT.EX<:SYS:INPUT.EX/Q/T



3.3.1.3  The  Equal  Sign  Construction -- Octal  Number  Options - An
octal number option, preceded by an equal sign, may occur only once in
a command line.  If you place it in the middle of the line,  you  must
follow  it  with a separator character (a comma or left-angle bracket)
or another option and a separator character.  For example, this  line,
which includes an octal 3,

     ._DIRECT SYS:=3

causes DIRECT to list the directory of SYS:  on the terminal in  three
columns.



3.3.2  File Options

A file option places an upper limit on the number of blocks an  output
file may use.  (One block contains 256 words.)  This option allows the
system to optimize file storage.  For example, this command line

     ._PAL BINARY[19],LIST[200]<SOURCE.PA

calls for two output files, BINARY and LIST, which may have a  maximum
length of 19 blocks and 200 blocks respectively.





                                 3-5

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.3.3  Additional Switch Options -- the Dash Construction

A special set of command options enable you  to  send  output  to  the
lineprinter  or  terminal, generate a listing file or a memory map, or
call for a  particular  compiler  or  assembler.   These  options  are
described in Table 3-2.


                              Table 3-2
                            Switch Options

+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Option   |                       Meaning			     |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
|	   |							     |
|   -L     |   Send output to LPT.				     |
|	   |							     |
|   -LS    |   Generate a  listing  file  (used  with  the  COMPILE, |
|          |   EXECUTE,  and  PAL  commands).   The  listing file is |
|          |   written onto SYS:  if no output device  is  specified |
|          |   and  is  given a .LS extension.  The listing filename |
|          |   is the same as the filename that immediately preceded |
|          |   the CCL -LS option.				     |
|	   |							     |
|   -MP    |   Generate  a  memory  map  (used  with  the   COMPILE, |
|          |   EXECUTE, and PAL commands).			     |
|	   |							     |
|   -NB    |   Do not create a binary file (used with  the  COMPILE, |
|          |   EXECUTE, and PAL commands).			     |
|	   |							     |
|   -T     |   Send output to terminal.				     |
|	   |							     |
|   -PA    |   Selects the PAL8 compiler when the  file's  extension |
|          |   does  not  determine  it  (used  with the COMPILE and |
|          |   EXECUTE commands).				     |
|	   |							     |
|   -FT    |   Selects  the  FORTRAN  IV  compiler  when  the   file |
|          |   extension  does  not  determine  it  (used  with  the |
|          |   COMPILE and EXECUTE commands).			     |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------+


3.4  COMMANDS THAT REMEMBER FILE SPECIFICATIONS

If you omit the device and file specifications in a CREATE, EDIT, PAL,
COMPILE,  LOAD,  or EXECUTE command, OS/8 assigns it the last argument
to appear in any  command  in  the  group.   For  example,  these  two
commands

     ._COMPILE TEST.PA
     ._EXECUTE

instruct the system to compile TEST.PA,  then  load  and  execute  it.
When  you enter the COMPILE command, the system stores the argument in
a temporary file for later reference by  the  EXECUTE  command.   This
feature works only with commands that you enter on the same day.









                                 3-6

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.5  USING WILDCARDS

Wildcards, which certain OS/8 commands accept, make  it  possible  for
you  to  refer  to  a  group  of  related  files  with  a  single file
specification.  OS/8 provides two wildcards:

     *  the  asterisk  (*),  which  replaces  an  entire  filename  or
        extension

     *  the question mark (?), which replaces any single character



3.5.1  Wildcards in Input Filenames

The following commands permit both the asterisk and question  mark  as
wildcards in input specifications.

     COPY
     DELETE
     DIRECT
     LIST
     RENAME
     TYPE

Here are some examples of the various ways you  can  abbreviate  input
specifications with wildcards.

     ._DELETE TEST1.*     deletes all files on DSK with the name  TEST1
                         and any extension

     ._DIR *.BN           displays a directory of all files on DSK with
                         a .BN extension and any name

     ._DIR TES??.*        displays a directory of all files with  names
                         beginning TES and any extension

     ._LIST ???.??        lists the contents  of  all  DSK  files  with
                         names of three characters or less

A filename may not contain embedded asterisks.  For example, TE*T.* is
an illegal specification and will produce the following error message:

     ILLEGAL *
     _________

If you use a wildcard in a command other than the ones  listed  above,
OS/8 prints the error message

     ILLEGAL * OR ?
     ______________



3.5.2  Wildcards in Output Specifications

You may use the  asterisk  wildcard  in  an  output  file  name.   The
question  mark, however, is illegal.  If you omit the output file name
altogether, the system assumes *.* -- that  is,  all  files  with  any
extension.

For example, this command

     ._COPY RXA1:*.BK<SYS:*.PA

copies all files from SYS with a PA  extension  to  RXA1,  adding  the
extension BK.


                                 3-7

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.5.3  Warnings and Suggestions

Use wildcards in COPY and DELETE  commands  with  extreme  caution  to
avoid  destroying  irreplacable  files.   Always observe the following
fail-safe measures.

     *  Keep a backup copy  of  the  system  diskette  and  all  other
        important files.

     *  Use the Q option with COPY and DELETE.  The system  pauses  to
        make  sure  you  have specified the file you intended.  If you
        wish to go through with the operation, type Y in  response  to
        the query.  If not, type any other character.

For further discussion of wildcards, see  the  File-Oriented  Transfer
Program (FOTP).



3.6  INDIRECT COMMANDS

You may occasionally wish to refer to  the  same  group  of  files  in
several  commands.   To avoid typing the same filenames and extensions
in each command line, use the indirect -- @ file -- feature.

An indirect file specification has the following format.

     @device:file.ex

where

     file.ex   is a file containing the file specifications  you  want
               to include in the command

To use the @ construction, you must first create a file containing the
list  of  file  names  you  wish  to include in the command line.  For
example, assume you have created a file called FLIST.CM that  contains
the string

     FILEB,FILEC/L,FILED

To include these names in a COMPILE command, type

     ._COMPILE FILEA,@FLIST,FILEZ

The  system  ignores  carriage  returns  and  line  feeds -- but   not
nulls -- within the command line.  A null signifies end-of-line.

Command files may not exceed one block in length.  If a  command  line
contains  more  than  512  characters, the system prints the following
message:

     COMMAND LINE OVERFLOW
     _____________________

The following commands will not accept indirect files.

     ASSIGN
     DEASSIGN
     GET
     START
     R
     RUN
     SAVE
     ODT
     DAT


                                 3-8

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.7  USING DEFAULTS

A default device, file name, or  extension  is  the  name  the  system
assumes  if  you  omit  the  specification in a command line.  You can
often reduce the amount of typing necessary  to  enter  a  command  by
taking advantage of the following system defaults.

     *  DSK is the default device for input and output devices in most
        commands.   This  means  that you can omit the device whenever
        you refer to a  file  on  DSK.   For  example,  the  following
        command  makes a copy of a file called HUMPTY on DSK and calls
        it DUMPTY.

             ._COPY DUMPTY<HUMPTY

     *  Any device -- stated or assumed -- in an  input  specification
        becomes  the  default device for any additional input files in
        the command line.  For example, this command lists three files
        on RXA1.

             ._LIST RXA1:ONE,TWO,THREE

     *  Some commands assume  special  default  devices.   DIRECT  and
        TYPE,  for  example,  default to the terminal for output.  The
        following command will display the directory  of  DSK  on  the
        terminal.

             ._DIR

The description of the OS/8 command  includes  information  about  the
defaults that each command accepts.



3.8  GETTING HELP -- THE HELP COMMAND

To obtain additional information about the  use  and  format  of  OS/8
commands, use the HELP command.  The format is

     .HELP command

where

     command   is the name of any OS/8 command

HELP retrieves and displays a file called HELP.HL, which contains  the
information you request.

To obtain a hard copy of the information from the  line  printer,  use
the -L option.

     ._HELP PAL-L













                                 3-9

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.9  ENTERING A COMMAND LINE -- CORRECTING AND PREVENTING ERRORS

The RETURN key enters a command line and causes the system to take the
action you have called for.  Therefore, before you press RETURN, check
the line carefully for errors.

     *  To correct single-character typing errors, use the DELETE key.
        This key erases the last character you have typed.  Successive
        DELETEs will erase characters back to  the  beginning  of  the
        line.

     *  To remove an entire line, type CTRL/U by holding down the CTRL
        key  and  striking  U.   The monitor will echo the command and
        display a dot to indicate that it is ready to  accept  another
        command.

     *  To verify the contents of the line you are typing, strike  the
        LINE FEED key.  The system will display whatever characters it
        has received so far.  Use the LINE FEED key to check a line in
        which you have made numerous corrections.

If you enter a command line that you have typed  incorrectly,  one  of
the following will result:

     *  The system will fail to recognize or accept the  command.   In
        this  case, it will display a question mark and a dot and wait
        for you to try again.

     *  The Monitor will accept the command and attempt to execute it.
        If   you   notice  your  error  at  this  point,  type  CTRL/C
        immediately (simultaneously pressing CTRL and  C).   Depending
        on  the  type of command and the files involved, this may halt
        execution.





























                                 3-10

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                  ASSIGN


3.10  ASSIGN

The ASSIGN command assigns a logical name -- that is, a name that  you
create -- to  one  of  the available permanent devices.  The format of
the command is

     ASSIGN perm user

where

     perm      is the permanent name of the device

     user      is the one-to-four-character name you want to assign

Note that a device name does not require a colon when it  follows  the
ASSIGN command.

The following rules apply to the assignment and use of logical names.

     *  You may assign only one logical name to a device at a time.

     *  Once you have assigned a name to a device, you may refer to it
        by either its logical or permanent name.  ASSIGN makes the two
        names equivalent.

For example, this command

     ._ASSIGN RXA1 DEV2

assigns the logical name DEV2 to RXA1.   You  may  now  refer  to  the
device by either name in any command line.



3.10.1  Canceling a Logical Name

To cancel a logical name, type the ASSIGN command with  the  permanent
device  name  only.  For example, to remove DEV2 as a logical name for
RXA1, enter

     ._ASSIGN RXA1



3.10.2  Checking for Duplicate Names

To determine if a logical name is unique in the OS/8 system, enter the
name by itself in an ASSIGN command line.  For example, to see if DEV2
already exists, type

     ._ASSIGN DEV2

If the name does not appear  in  any  of  the  system  tables,  ASSIGN
displays the message

     DEV2 NOT AVAILABLE
     __________________

All 1- and 2-character names are unique in OS/8.  You need  test  only
3- and 4-character names.

ASSIGN is a Monitor command.





                                 3-11

BACKSPACE               OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.11  BACKSPACE

The BACKSPACE command runs the OS/8 CAMP program and spaces a magnetic
tape  or  cassette  backward  a  specified number of files or records.
BACKSPACE is equivalent to the CAMP BACKSPACE command.  When CAMP  has
completed a BACKSPACE operation, it returns control to the Monitor.

The format is

     BACKSPACE dev:nnnn X

where

     dev:      is the permanent name of a cassette  or  magnetic  tape
               drive

     nnnn      is an unsigned decimal number representing  the  number
               of records or files you wish to backspace.  If you omit
               the number, BACKSPACE assumes nnnn=1.

     X         is an R or F to indicate records or files.  If  you  do
               not specify records or files, BACKSPACE assumes F.

For example, this command

     ._BACKSPACE CSA0:2 F

positions the cassette mounted on CSA0 backward two files.

For complete information on the BACKSPACE command, see the chapter  on
the CAMP program.

BACKSPACE is a CCL command and runs the CAMP program.





























                                 3-12

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                   BASIC


3.12  BASIC

The BASIC command invokes the BASIC Editor.  The format is

     BASIC

As soon as it is ready to accept your first instruction, BASIC  prints
the query

     NEW OR OLD --
     _____________

to determine if you want to create a new file or work on an old one.

For example, this command

     ._BASIC
     NEW OR OLD -- NEW STUFF.BA
     _____________

tells the BASIC Editor to accept a new program called STUFF.BA

For  complete  information  on  OS/8  BASIC,  see  the  OS/8  Language
Reference Manual.






































                                 3-13

BOOT                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.13  BOOT

The BOOT command makes it possible for you to bootstrap  onto  another
device or onto another PDP/8 system.  The format is

     BOOT/dv

where

     dv        is a mnemonic listed in the BOOT chapter in this manual

If you type BOOT with no argument, BOOT prints  a  slash  to  indicate
that you must enter a mnemonic.

For example, this command

     ._BOOT/RF

bootstraps onto the RF08 disk.

If you wish to halt before doing the bootstrap, type  the  command,  a
mnemonic, and a period.  For example:

     ._BOOT/CA.

The period causes the computer to halt, giving you time to mount a new
device.   To  continue the operation, press the CONTINUE switch on the
console.  This form of the command is useful when  only  one  disk  or
DECtape drive exists on the system.

For complete information, see the BOOT chapter in this manual.





























                                 3-14

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                     CCL


3.14  CCL

The CCL command disables the Concise Command Language program  on  the
system device.  The format is

     CCL

The command accepts no arguments.

The CCL command totally deactivates the CCL feature of  OS/8  so  that
the  system  will  not accept any CCL command.  If you wish to use CCL
again, you must reactivate it with the R command.  To do this, type

     ._R CCL













































                                 3-15

COMPARE                 OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.15  COMPARE

The COMPARE command makes  a  line-by-line  comparison  of  two  input
source  files  and  sends  the  results  to an output device.  In most
COMPARE operations, the two source files are different versions of the
same  program.  COMPARE prints the editing changes, making it a useful
tool for debugging.

The format is

     COMPARE output:file<input:file1,input:file2

where

     output:file    is  the  file  containing  the  results   of   the
                    comparison and the device you want to send it to

     input:file1    is the first input source file for comparison

     input:file2    is the second source file

COMPARE makes the following assumptions:

     *  If you omit an input or output device, COMPARE assumes DSK

     *  If you  omit  the  output  specification  altogether,  COMPARE
        assumes  TTY.  (In most cases you will want to see the results
        on the terminal.)

For example, this command

     ._COMPARE RXA1:APPLE.FT,RXA1:ORANGE.FT

compares two FORTRAN source files on RXA1 -- APPLE  and  ORANGE -- and
sends the results to the terminal.



3.15.1  COMPARE Output

COMPARE produces the following output sequence:

     1.  the current version number of the utility program SRCCOM

     2.  the header line of both input files (the header is the  first
         line  of  the  file  and  usually  contains the file name and
         creation date)

     3.  a difference group (see below)

     4.  additional difference groups, if any, until  it  reaches  the
         end of the shorter file

COMPARE reads two input files one line at a time until  it  encounters
three consecutive matching lines.  Then it outputs all lines from both
files up to and including the first matching  line.   This  output  is
called  a  difference group.  For a complete description of difference
groups, see the SRCCOM chapter in this manual.








                                 3-16

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


For example, consider two files on DSK -- NITTY and GRITTY.

     NITTY          GRITTY

     B              X
     C              C
     D              D
     E              E
     F              G
     G              H
     H              J
     I
     J

To compare these two files and  have  the  results  displayed  on  the
terminal, type

     ._COMPARE NITTY,GRITTY

COMPARE prints the current  version  number  of  SRCCOM,  the  utility
program that does the comparison,

     SRCCOM V4A
     __________

the header lines

     1)NITTY
     _______
     2)GRITTY
     ________

and the results of the comparison in two difference groups

     1)002   B
     _________
     1)      C
     _________
     ****     
     _________
     2)002   X
     _________
     2)      C
     _________
     *********
     _________
     1)002   F
     _________
     1)      G
     _________
     1)      H
     _________
     1)      I
     _________
     1)      J
     _________
     ****     
     _________
     2)002   G
     _________
     2)      H
     _________
     2)      J
     _________

If COMPARE discovers two identical files, it prints

     NO DIFFERENCES     ______________

in the output file.



3.15.2  COMPARE Options

COMPARE provides the following options:

     *  =k     In normal operation, COMPARE  outputs  lines  until  it
               encounters three consecutive matching lines.  To change
               the number of lines that interrupt processing, use  the
               =k  option,  where  k is the number of lines (in octal)
               that you want to specify.



                                 3-17

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


     *  /C     COMPARE ignores comment fields during the comparison of
               assembly language source files.

     *  /B     COMPARE treats a blank line as valid  input  containing
               blanks instead of a carriage return.

     *  /S     COMPARE  ignores  all  tabs  and  spaces   during   the
               comparison.

     *  /T     COMPARE converts all tabs from the input file to spaces
               on the output device.

     *  /X     COMPARE  ignores  all   comment   fields   during   the
               comparison  and  does  not  send comments to the output
               device.

COMPARE is a CCL command and runs SRCCOM.









































                                 3-18

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                 COMPILE


3.16  COMPILE

The COMPILE command

     *  assembles a PAL8 source program and outputs an absolute binary
        file and a listing file or a CREF file

     *  compiles and assembles a FORTRAN IV source program and outputs
        a relocatable binary file and a listing file

     *  compiles, loads, and executes a BASIC source program

The format for a PAL8 program is

     COM output:prog.BN,output:list.LS<input:file1.PA,...file9.PA

where

     output:prog.BN           is a PAL8 binary file

     output:list.LS           is a PAL8 listing file

     input:file1,...file9     is a single source  program,  which  you
                              may enter in up to nine separate files

For example, this command line

     ._COMPILE RXA1:ACE.BN,RXA1:ACE.LS<RXA1:ACE.PA

assembles a PAL8 source program on RXA1 called ACE.PA and  produces  a
binary file, ACE.BN, and a listing file, ACE.LS.

The format for a FORTRAN source program is

     COMPILE output:prog.RL,output:list.LS<input:file1.FT,...file9.FT

where

     output:prog.RL           is an assembled FORTRAN program

     output:list.LS           is a listing file

     input:file1,...file9     is a FORTRAN source program stored in up
                              to nine files

For example, this command

     ._COMPILE RXA2:DEUCE.RL,RXA2:DEUCE.LS<RXA1:DEUCE.FT

assembles DEUCE.FT and outputs a binary and a listing file -- DEUCE.RL
and DEUCE.LS.



3.16.1  COMPILE Input

Enter your PAL8, FORTRAN, or BASIC program as an input file or  files.
You  may  include  up  to nine input files in a single COMPILE command
line.  COMPILE assumes that they all  contain  sections  of  the  same
program.

The extension on the file name identifies the type of program the file
contains and tells the command which assembler or compiler to summon.




                                 3-19

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


     *  .PA   identifies a PAL8 source program

     *  .FT   identifies a FORTRAN source program

     *  .BA   identifies a BASIC source program

If you use nonstandard extensions, you must specify the  assembler  or
compiler your program requires with processor switch options -PA, -FT,
or -BA.

COMPILE makes the following assumptions about input device names:

     *  If you omit the  device  in  the  first  input  specification,
        COMPILE assumes DSK.

     *  If you omit the device in subsequent  input  entries,  COMPILE
        assumes the last device you name.

For example, this command line

     ._COMPILE PART1.PA,PART2.PA,PART3.PA

assembles a 3-part PAL8 program on DSK.



3.16.2  COMPILE Output

COMPILE outputs binary and listing  files,  assigning  the  names  you
specify.



3.16.2.1  Output File 1 -- the Binary Code

     *  If your input file is a PAL8 source program,  COMPILE  assigns
        the first output file name to the binary code generated by the
        assembler, adding a .BN extension if you omit it.

     *  If your input file is a FORTRAN program, COMPILE  assigns  the
        first output file name to the relocatable binary code produced
        by  the  FORTRAN  assembler,  adding  .RL  if  you  omit   the
        extension.

If you omit the device, COMPILE assumes DSK.  If  you  omit  the  file
name, COMPILE assumes the name of the first input file.

For example, this command line

     ._COMPILE RXA1:SUNDAY<RXA2:MONDAY.FT

compiles and assembles the source program MONDAY.FT and  sends  it  to
RXA1 as a binary file called SUNDAY.RL.

In certain COMPILE operations, you may wish  to  suppress  the  output
binary  file  and  generate only a listing file.  To suppress a binary
file, use the -NB (no binary) switch.  For example,

     ._COMPILE SAMPLE.PA-LS-NB

assembles SAMPLE.PA and produces only a listing file.





                                 3-20

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.16.2.2  Output  File  2 -- the  Listing  File - You  can  request  a
listing file of a PAL8 or FORTRAN program in two ways:

     *  Enter a second output  file  in  the  COMPILE  line.   COMPILE
        generates  the  listing  and  assigns it the name you specify,
        adding .LS if you omit the extension.

     *  Type the -LS switch option after an input file name.   COMPILE
        generates the listing, gives it the name immediately preceding
        the switch, and adds the .LS extension.

For example, this command

     ._COMPILE PARTY,PARTY<PARTY.PA

and this command

     ._COMPILE PARTY.PA-LS

both generate a listing file PARTY.LS.

If you use the PAL8 /C option, the second output file is passed to the
CREF program, which produces a cross-reference listing.



3.16.2.3  COMPILE Options and Errors - For a complete  description  of
COMPILE  options and errors, see the sections on PAL8, FORTRAN IV, and
BASIC in the OS/8 Language Reference Manual.
             ______________________________

COMPILE is a CCL command.































                                 3-21

COPY                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.17 COPY

The COPY command transfers files from  one  device  to  another.   The
format is

     COPY output:file<input:file1,...input:file5

COPY sends files to the output device in exactly the same  format  and
order  in which they appear in the command.  Since the operation makes
no changes at  all  in  the  files,  you  may  transfer  any  kind  of
file -- memory image, binary, source -- with the COPY command.



3.17.1  COPY Input

You enter the file or files you want  to  transfer  as  input  in  the
command line.

A complete COPY input specification includes a device,  a  file  name,
and  an  extension.  You may enter up to five input files in a command
line.  COPY uses the following input defaults:

     *  If you omit the device name in the first input  specification,
        COPY assumes DSK.

     *  If  you   omit   the   device   name   in   succeeding   input
        specifications, COPY assumes the last device entered.

You may use the wildcards * and ?  to  transfer  an  entire  group  of
related files with a single command.  The specification *.* tells COPY
to transfer all the files on a device.



3.17.2  COPY Output

A complete output specification includes a device, a file name, and an
extension.   You  may enter only one output specification in a command
line.  If you want your transferred file to have a different name from
the original, you must enter that name as the output file.

COPY uses the following output defaults:

     *  If you omit the device, COPY assumes DSK.

     *  If you omit the output file name, COPY assumes *.* -- that is,
        it assumes that the output file has the same name as the input
        file.

You may use only the wildcard *;  the question mark  (?)  is  illegal.
Keep  in  mind that as output the specification *.* tells COPY to give
the output file the same name as the input file.



3.17.3  COPY Terminal Display

During execution, COPY prints on the terminal the names of  the  files
it  has  transferred.   For  example,  the following command transfers
three files from DSK to RXA1.

     ._COPY RXA1:FLOWER.PA<ROSE.PA,DAISY.PA,ZINNIA.PA



                                 3-22

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


COPY displays
     FILES COPIED
     ____________
     ROSE.PA
     _______
     DAISY.PA
     ________
     ZINNIA.PA
     _________



3.17.4  Predeletion and Postdeletion

Before COPY transfers a file to an output device, it checks  the  file
name  against  the  output  file directory.  If it finds a file on the
device with the same name and extension as the file  it  is  going  to
transfer,  COPY  automatically deletes it before it does the transfer.
This operation -- called predeletion -- makes space for the  new  file
on  the output device, which may not otherwise be able to hold another
file.  However, it may also cause you to lose a valuable file  if  for
some  reason the input fails.  To help protect against such loss, COPY
provides a second method of transfer  called  postdeletion.   In  this
mode,  COPY deletes any file with the same name as the input file only
after it has completed the transfer.  To specify postdeletion, use the
/N option.



3.17.5  COPY Options

     *  /C     COPY transfers all input files with  the  current  date
               onto the output device.

     *  /F     A file will not fit on the output device.  COPY  prints

                    MOUNT NEW DEVICE
                    ________________

               on the terminal.  You remove  the  current  device  and
               mount  a  new  one  on  the same unit.  To continue the
               transfer, type any character.  If  possible,  ZERO  the
               directory of the new device.

     *  /T     As part of the transfer  operation,  COPY  changes  the
               creation  date  on the output file to the current date.
               Without /T, COPY transfers the original date.

     *  /U     COPY transfers input files in the exact order that they
               appear  in  the  command line -- not the order in which
               they occur on the device.

     *  /V     COPY transfers all files on a device  except  the  ones
               you specify in the command line.

     *  /W     COPY prints its current version number.

     *  /N     COPY uses postdeletion.

     *  /O     COPY transfers all files on a device except those  with
               the current date.

     *  /Q     COPY pauses before a transfer to make sure you want  to
               go  through with the operation.  If you do, type Y;  if
               not, type any other character.

COPY is a CCL command and runs FOTP.  For complete information on file
transfer, see the FOTP chapter in this manual.



                                 3-23

CREATE                  OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.18  CREATE

The CREATE command summons the OS/8 Editor to let you open and write a
new  file.   CREATE  accepts no input specifications and only one file
name and device for output.  The format is

     CREATE output:file

where

     output:file    is the name of the file you want to create and the
                    device you want to store it on.

For example, this line

     ._CREATE BIRDY.PA

opens a file called BIRDY.PA on the default device, DSK.

After you press the RETURN key to execute the command, the OS/8 Editor
displays  a  number  sign  (#) to indicate that it is ready to receive
your instructions and text.  To CREATE a file with  the  OS/8  Editor,
see Chapter 4 in this manual.

Each time you enter a CREATE command, the Monitor holds  the  argument
(the  device  and  file name) in a temporary location.  If you type an
EDIT command later without an argument, EDIT reads the  file  name  in
this location.  This convenient feature works only with files that you
CREATE and EDIT on the same day.

CREATE is a CCL command and runs EDIT.SV.






























                                 3-24

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                    CREF


3.19  CREF

The  CREF  command  assembles  a   PAL8   program   and   produces   a
cross-reference listing, usually on the line printer.

The format is

     CREF outdev:file.LS<indev:file.PA

CREF  makes  the  following  assumptions  about   output   and   input
specifications.

     *  If you omit the extension on the input file, CREF assumes PA.

     *  If you omit the extension on the output file, CREF adds LS.

     *  If you omit the output specifications altogether,  CREF  sends
        the file to the line printer.



3.19.1  CREF Options

     *  /P     CREF  disables  pass-one  listing   output   until   it
               encounters a $ in the source program.  Thus, if you use
               the /P option, CREF prints a dollar sign and the symbol
               table.

     *  /U     CREF disables pass-one listing output  and  the  symbol
               table.

     *  /X     CREF does not process literals.  This  option  provides
               space  for  CREF to operate on large programs with many
               symbols and literals.

     *  /E     CREF does not eliminate the intermediate CREFLS.TM file
               that is output from assembly and used as input to CREF.

     *  /M     CREF  cross-references  mammoth  files  in  two   major
               passes.   Pass one processes the symbols from A through
               LGnnnn;  pass two processes  the  symbols  from  LHnnnn
               through Z and the literals.

CREF is a CCL command and runs PAL8.SV and CREF.SV.




















                                 3-25

DATE                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.20  DATE

The DATE command lets you set and inspect  the  current  system  date.
You should always set the date as soon as you bootstrap the system.

To set the date, type

     DATE dd-mmm-yy

where

     dd        is a two-digit number representing the day of the month

     mmm       are the first three letters of the month

     yy        are the last two digits of the year

For example:

     ._DATE 23-MAY-77

To inspect the current system date, type

     ._DATE

For example:

     ._DA 1-JUN-77
     ._DA
     WEDNESDAY JUNE 1, 1977
     ______________________

The system uses the current date in directories, newly created  files,
and  files  transferred  from one device to another.  If you enter the
date after booting, the only valid directory entry dates are those for
the  current year and seven years preceding it.  The system will print
any earlier date incorrectly.

If you enter the date incorrectly, the Monitor prints an error
message.

     BAD DATE
     ________

The DATE command runs program CCL.SV.




















                                 3-26

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                DEASSIGN


3.21  DEASSIGN

DEASSIGN invalidates all logical (user-defined) names  that  you  have
given to permanent devices.  (See the ASSIGN command.)

The format is

     DEASSIGN

For example, the following pair of commands assign  the  logical  name
DEV1 to SYS and then cancel it.

     ._ASSIGN SYS DEV1
     ._DEASSIGN

The Monitor performs the DEASSIGN function.











































                                 3-27

DELETE                  OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.22  DELETE

The DELETE command removes files from the directory of the device  you
specify.  The format is

     DELETE input:file1,...file5

Enter the files -- up to five -- that you  want  to  delete  as  input
files  in  the  command  line.   you  may specify only one device in a
command line.  DELETE makes  the  following  assumptions  about  input
specifications.

     *  If you omit the device name in the first input  specification,
        DELETE assumes DSK.

     *  If you omit the  device  name  in  succeeding  specifications,
        DELETE assumes the last device you entered.  For example, this
        command

             ._DELETE RXA1:EAST,WEST,NORTH,SOUTH

        deletes four files from RXA1.

Note that DELETE does not actually remove the file  from  the  device.
It  simply  erases  its  name  from the directory, making the space it
occupies available for a new file.  This means that in some cases  you
may  be  able  to  retrieve a file you have mistakenly "deleted."  For
details on retrieving lost files,  see  the  PIP  /I  option  in  this
manual.   Also  see  the  SUPERTECO section in the OS/8 TECO Reference
                                                   ___________________
Manual.
______

You may use the wildcard  asterisk  (*)  to  specify  file  names  and
extensions  and  the  question mark (?) to indicate single characters.
Wildcards enable you to remove an entire group of related files with a
single DELETE command.  For example, this command

     ._DELETE *.PA

removes all files with a PA extension from  the  system  device.   Use
wildcards with extreme caution to avoid deleting irreplacable files.



3.22.1  The Conditional DELETE

In most DELETE operations you simply list the files you want to remove
from a device as input files.  In some cases, however, you may wish to
remove a file only on the  condition  that  some  other  related  file
exists -- a  source file, for example, if the device also contains the
program in binary code.

To call for this kind of DELETE, use the following format:

     DELETE output:file<input:file

where

     output:file    is the file you  wish  to  delete  if  file  f  is
                    present

     input:file     is file f





                                 3-28

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


This command deletes, for example, any DSK file with a .PA  extension,
only  on the condition that DSK contains a file with the same name and
a .BN extension.

     ._DELETE *.PA<*.BN
     FILES DELETED:
     ______________
     TEST1.PA
     ________
     TEST2.PA
     ________

Only the wildcard (*) is legal in an out specification.  You  may  not
use the question mark.



3.22.2  DELETE Terminal Display

During execution, DELETE prints on the terminal the names of the files
it has removed.  For example:

     ._DELETE RXA2:SNOW.BA,RAIN.BA
     FILES DELETED:
     ______________
     SNOW.BA
     _______
     RAIN.BA
     _______



3.22.3  DELETE Options

You may qualify a DELETE command with the following slash options:

     *  /C     DELETE removes only those files that have  the  current
               date.

     *  /O     DELETE removes all files except those with the  current
               date.

     *  /V     DELETE removes all the files from a device  except  the
               ones you specify in the command line.

     *  /Q     DELETE prints a question mark before execution to  make
               sure  that  you  specified the right files for removal.
               If your answer is yes, type Y;  if no, type  any  other
               character.

     *  /N     DELETE displays a log of all files  it  has  found  for
               deletion  but  does  not remove the file names from the
               directory.

DELETE causes the execution of program CCL.SV and FOTP.SV with the  /D
option.   For  further  information  on  deleting  files, see the FOTP
chapter in this manual.














                                 3-29

DIRECT                  OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.23  DIRECT

The DIRECT command produces listings of OS/8 device directories.   The
format is

     DIRECT output:file<input:file1,...input:file5

DIRECT prints a directory of all the files on all the devices  (up  to
5)  that  you specify in the command line.  DIRECT makes the following
assumptions about input and output specifications:

     *  If you omit the input device, DIRECT assumes DSK.

     *  If you omit input file names, DIRECT assumes  *.* -- that  is,
        all files with any extension.

     *  If you omit the output device, DIRECT prints the directory  on
        the terminal.

     *  DIRECT automatically adds a DI extension on an output file.

Always use wildcards in your input specifications  when  requesting  a
list  of  related  files on a device.  For example, this command calls
for a list of all files on DSK that have a .PA or .BN extension.

     ._DIR *.PA,*.BN

You may use wildcards to represent an output file name or extension.



3.23.1  DIRECT Output

The standard DIRECT listing has the following format:

        filespec            nnn                   dd-mmm-yy

     (file name and  (number of blocks used   (file-creation date)
     extension)      in decimal)

If you do not enter the current date with the DATE  command  when  you
boot   the   system,  your  directory  listings  will  not  include  a
file-creation date.

For examples of DIRECT output, see the DIRECT chapter.



3.23.2  DIRECT Options

DIRECT  options  enable  you  to   produce   the   following   special
directories.

     *  =n     DIRECT lists a directory in n columns,  where  n  is  a
               number from 1 to 7.

     *  /C     DIRECT lists only files with the current system date.

     *  /E     DIRECT includes empty files in the listing.

     *  /F     DIRECT lists only  file  names,  omitting  lengths  and
               dates.

     *  /M     DIRECT lists empty files only.



                                 3-30

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


     *  /O     DIRECT lists only files with  a  date  other  than  the
               current date.

     *  /R     DIRECT lists the file name you specify  and  all  files
               that follow it in the device directory.

     *  /U     DIRECT lists files in the same  order  that  you  enter
               them  in  the  command  line.   That is, it treats each
               input  file  specification  as  a  separate   directory
               request.

     *  /V     DIRECT lists all files on a device except the ones  you
               specify in the command line.

     *  /W     DIRECT displays its current version number.












































                                 3-31

DUPLICATE               OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.24  DUPLICATE

The DUPLICATE command copies the entire contents of  one  diskette  to
another diskette.  The format is

     DUPLICATE output diskette:<input diskette:

You may use DUPLICATE to transfer the contents of diskettes only.  For
example, the following command transfers the contents of RXA0 to RXA1,
the device specified for output.

     ._DUPLICATE RXA1:<RXA0:

DUPLICATE is a CCL  command  and  runs  the  RXCOPY  program.   For  a
description  of the options you can use with DUPLICATE, see the RXCOPY
chapter in this manual.












































                                 3-32

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                    EDIT


3.25  EDIT

The EDIT command summons the OS/8 Editor to let you retrieve and  work
on a source program that you have stored as a file.  The format is

     EDIT output:file<input:file1,...input:file9

where

     input:file1...9     is a program (stored in one  to  nine  files)
                         you  want  to work on and the device on which
                         it is located

     output:file         is the name of  the  modified  file  and  the
                         device you want to send it to

The Editor signals with a number sign (#) as soon as it  is  ready  to
accept   your   first   instruction.    For   a  discussion  of  these
instructions, see Chapter 4.



3.25.1  Recalling Arguments

The EDIT command can recall arguments from a previous EDIT  or  CREATE
command  entered  on  the same day.  If you enter both an input and an
output file, EDIT remembers only the output specification.


































                                 3-33

EOF                     OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.26  EOF

The EOF (End of File) command runs  the  CAMP  program  and  writes  a
single  mark  (file  gap)  on the specified magnetic tape or cassette.
The EOF command has the format

     EOF device

where

     device         is either MTAn or CSAn, signifying the  device  on
                    which the file gap mark is to be written

For example, this command

     ._EOF MTA3

writes an end-of-file mark on the magnetic tape mounted on MTA3.

For a complete description of CAMP commands, see the CAMP  chapter  in
this manual.





































                                 3-34

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                 EXECUTE


3.27  EXECUTE

The EXECUTE command

     *  assembles or compiles, links, loads,  and  executes  a  source
        program

     *  links, loads, and runs an assembled or compiled program

     *  runs a linked and loaded program

The format is

     EXECUTE output:file.bn,file.ls<input:file1,...file9

The EXECUTE command is the same as the COMPILE  command  with  the  /G
option.  The input and output specifications depend on the compiler or
assembler you invoke.   For  complete  information,  see  the  COMPILE
command  and  the  various  language  chapters  in  the  OS/8 Language
                                                         _____________
Reference Manual.
________________








































                                 3-35

GET                     OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.28  GET

The GET command loads a memory-image file -- that is, an SV  file  you
have created with the SAVE command -- back into memory.  The format is

     GET input:file.SV

If you omit the extension, GET looks for a  file  with  the  name  you
specify  and an .SV extension.  You must specify the device;  GET does
not assume DSK.

For example, to load into memory a file called JOBCNT.SV on RXA0, type

     ._GET RXA0:JOBCNT

During execution, GET loads the file and its Core Control  Block  into
memory,  then transfers the CCB to a special area on the system device
for reference and maintenance.  GET also places the  Job  Status  Word
into  location  7746  of  field 0 to indicate what parts of memory the
file uses and how.  It loads the block number of the  first  block  of
the file into location 7747.

To run a program that you have loaded into memory with  GET,  use  the
START or EXECUTE command.

The Monitor performs the GET operation.



































                                 3-36

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                    HELP


3.29  HELP

The HELP command sends information  on  OS/8  system  programs  to  an
output device, usually the terminal.  The format is

     HELP output:file<OS/8

where

     OS/8           is the name of an OS/8 keyboard command or  system
                    program

The default output device for HELP is TTY, the terminal.

To see a complete listing of keyboard commands, type

     ._HELP

For information on a specific command, enter the command name  as  the
argument in a HELP line:

     ._HELP PAL

To obtain a listing of all legal arguments for HELP, type

     ._HELP HELP

HELP runs the program HELP.SV, which uses a  reference  file  HELP.HL.
This file, which must be located on the system device, contains a list
of all the HELP subfiles available along with the HELP text itself.
































                                 3-37

LIST                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.30  LIST

The LIST command sends to the line printer the contents of  the  files
(up  to  five)  that  you  specify  as input in the command line.  The
format is

     LIST input:file1,...input:file5

LIST requires no output specification, assuming LPT.  If you omit  the
input device, LIST looks for the file on DSK.

For example, this command prints the source program  PROG.BA,  located
on DSK, on the line printer.

     ._LIST PROG.BA

LIST outputs the contents of each input file in the  same  order  that
you enter the files in the command line.



3.30.1 LIST Options

     *  /C    LIST prints all files with the current date.

     *  /O     LIST prints all files except  those  with  the  current
               date.

     *  /V     LIST prints all files except the ones  you  specify  in
               the command line.

     *  /Q     LIST displays each file name and a question  mark.   If
               you  want  to list that file, type Y;  if not, type any
               other character.

LIST runs CCL.SV and FOTP.SV.


























                                 3-38

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                    LOAD


3.31  LOAD

The LOAD command lets you load  a  PAL8  absolute  binary  file  or  a
FORTRAN relocatable binary file into memory.

The extension on the input file determines which  loader  the  command
summons.

     *  BN identifies a PAL8  program  in  absolute  binary  form  and
        causes LOAD to summon the ABSLDR.

     *  RL identifies a FORTRAN program in relocatable code and causes
        LOAD to summon the FORTRAN loader.

To LOAD a PAL8 program, use the following format:

     LOAD input:file1.BN,...input:file9.BN

where

     input:file1.BN,...9.BN   is a PAL8 absolute binary file contained
                              in 1 to 9 files

If  your  input  file  is  a  PAL8  program,   LOAD   ignores   output
specifications.

For example, this command

     ._LOAD RXA1:TIC.BN,TAC.BN,TOE.BN

places a 3-part program in memory.

To LOAD a FORTRAN program, use the following format:

     LOAD output:image.LD,output:map.LS<input:file1.RL,...input:file9.RL

where

     output:image.LD          is an optional loader image file

     output:map.LS            is an optional loader symbol map

     input:file1.RL...9.RL    is  a  FORTRAN  program  in  relocatable
                              binary form stored in 1 to 9 files

Once you have placed the program in memory, you can

     *  run it with the START command

     *  create an .SV file with the SAVE command

     *  debug the program with ODT

For a list of the options that LOAD accepts, see the chapters  on  the
PAL8 ABSLDR and the FORTRAN loader.










                                 3-39

MAKE                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.32  MAKE

The MAKE command runs TECO and opens the file you specify for  output.
The format is

     MAKE output:file

If you omit the device name and the file extension, MAKE  assumes  DSK
and .PA.

If the file you specify already exists, MAKE prints the message

     %SUPERSEDING
     ____________

For example, this command

     ._MAKE DTA1:TEXT.TX

is the same as typing

     ._R TECO
     *_EWDTA1:TEXT.TX$$

For further information, see the OS/8 TECO Reference Manual.
                                 __________________________




































                                 3-40

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                     MAP


3.33  MAP

The MAP command produces a map -- usually on  the  line  printer -- of
all the memory locations used by the absolute binary files you specify
in the command line.

The format is

     MAP output:file<input:file1,...input:file9

MAP accepts a minimum of nine files as input in a single command line.
To  specify more than nine files, press the ESCAPE key after the ninth
entry.  This causes the Command Decoder  to  print  an  asterisk  (*),
indicating  that  you may continue to specify input files, terminating
each with the RETURN key.   To  execute  this  command,  type  another
ESCAPE.

If you omit the extension from an input file name,  MAP  assumes  .BN.
If  you omit the output device, MAP sends the map to the line printer.
To display a map on the terminal, use the /T option.



3.33.1  MAP Output

MAP depicts MEMORY as a series of 100-digit lines (in octal),  grouped
in  pairs.  Each pair of lines represents one memory page;  each digit
in a line represents one memory location.  Depending on  the  contents
of a location, MAP prints the digit 0, 1, 2, or 3.

     *  0 means the program did not load into this location.

     *  1 means the location was loaded into once.

     *  2 means the location was loaded into twice.

     *  3 means the location was loaded into three times.

If you specify the terminal as the output device, MAP prints a set  of
octal  numbers across the top of the map.  Each number -- ranging from
00 to 77 -- is the vertical co-ordinate for the column of digits below
it.   To determine the memory address of any entry in the map, add the
line number at the left to the octal number directly above.

For examples of MAP output, see the BITMAP chapter in this manual.



3.33.2  MAP Options

You can modify MAP output with the following options:

     *  /n     MAP confines the construction of maps to the field  you
               specify as n.

     *  /R     MAP resets the map just constructed in memory  to  look
               as though nothing has been read in.  If you specify the
               wrong file in a MAP command, use the /R option  at  the
               end of the line.







                                 3-41

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


     *  /S     MAP reads every absolute binary  program  in  an  input
               file.   In normal operation, MAP accepts only the first
               file.

     *  /T     MAP changes the format of the output map -- that is, it
               sends  a map to the line printer in terminal format and
               vice versa.

The MAP command runs CCL.SV and BITMAP.SV.

















































                                 3-42

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                  MEMORY


3.34  MEMORY


The MEMORY command finds the highest field available  in  hardware  or
limits the fields available in software.

The format is

     MEMORY

or

     MEMORY n

where

     n         is an octal number from 0 to 7 representing the  number
               of  fields  (each  containing  4K  words  of memory) in
               software.

For example, this command line

     ._MEMORY 3

limits the amount of memory available in the system to 16K words.

The following list shows all the values of n and their meaning:

     0    all available memory fields
     1    8K words of memory
     2    12K words
     3    16K words
     4    20K words
     5    24K words
     6    28K words
     7    32K words

To find the amount of memory currently being used by  OS/8,  type  the
command  with  no  argument.   The  following  output indicates that a
MEMORY 4 command, entered previously, has restricted a 32K  system  to
only 20K words of available memory.

     ._MEMORY
     20K/32K MEMORY
     ______________

If the system is using all available memory, the  Monitor  prints  the
total amount.  For example:

     ._MEMORY
     32K MEMORY
     __________

The MEMORY command causes the execution of CCL.SV.














                                 3-43

MUNG                    OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.35  MUNG

The MUNG command lets you call a predefined TECO macro to operate on a
source file.  The format is

     MUNG device:file,text

where

     device:file    is a file containing a TECO macro.   If  you  omit
                    the  extension,  MUNG  assumes .TE.  If you type a
                    period  after  the  file  name,  MUNG  assigns  no
                    extension.

     text           is  an  argument  to  the  macro.   If  the  macro
                    requires  no  argument,  omit  the  comma  in  the
                    command line.

MUNG reads the first page of the specified  file -- the  macro -- into
Q-register  Y.   Then  it  enters  the text into the TECO text buffer.
With the pointer at the end of the buffer, TECO executes the macro  in
Q-register Y.  If the text argument is too long, MUNG prints the error
message

     COMMAND TOO LONG
     ________________

For complete information on TECO, see the TECO Reference Manual.
                                          _____________________


































                                 3-44

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                     ODT


3.36  ODT

The ODT command enables you to debug the program currently in  memory,
control its execution, and make alterations by typing ODT instructions
at the terminal.

The format is

     ODT

Once you have entered the command with the RETURN key, you may examine
and  modify  any memory location of the program currently in memory or
use the breakpoint feature to control program execution.

When using ODT to debug a program, you must call I/O devices by  their
permanent  names.   As  long  as  ODT is in control of the system, all
user-defined names are invalid.

For a complete discussion of ODT, see the ODT chapter.









































                                 3-45

PAL                     OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.37  PAL

The PAL command assembles a PAL8 source file,  producing  an  absolute
binary file with a .BN extension.

The format is

     PAL output:binary.BN,output:listing.LS,CREF.LS<input:source.PA

where

     output:binary.BN         is an absolute binary  file  and  output
                              device

     output:listing.LS        is an optional listing file  and  output
                              device

     output:CREF.LS           is an optional file used by CREF

     input:source             is a PAL8 program and an input device

If you omit the extension in the input specification, PAL assumes  PA.
If  you  omit  the extension from the output files, PAL assumes BN and
LS.

The following example causes PAL to assemble a file  called  BOOMER.PA
and produce a listing file.

     ._PAL BOOMER,BOOMER<BOOMER.PA

PAL can recall arguments from any previous COMPILE, LOAD,  or  EXECUTE
command that you enter on the same day.

The /C option causes PAL8 to chain to the CREF program, which produces
a  cross-reference  file  and assigns it the name of the second output
file.

For a complete list of PAL options, see the PAL8 chapter in  the  OS/8
                                                                  ____
Language Reference Manual.
_________________________

PAL runs CCL.SV and PAL.SV.






















                                 3-46

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                   PRINT


3.38  PRINT

The PRINT command runs a program called LPTSPL  if  you  have  such  a
program  on your OS/8 system.  LPTSPL can be a user-written program or
a program obtained from DECUS.





















































                                 3-47

PUNCH                   OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.39  PUNCH

The PUNCH command runs PIP and punches the file specified on the paper
tape.  The format is

     PUNCH output:file<input:file

If you omit the output specification, PUNCH sends the file to PTP.


















































                                 3-48

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                       R


3.40  R

The R command loads and starts a memory-image  file  from  the  system
device.  The format is

     R file.SV

R writes the block number of the first block in the file  in  location
7747 in field 0.

Since the R command loads files from the system device only,  you  may
not  specify  an  input device other than DSK in the command line.  If
you omit the file extension, R assumes SV.

For example, this command

     ._R TEST

looks for a program called TEST.SV on the system device and loads  and
executes it.

The R command differs from the RUN command in that it  does  not  send
the  Core  Control Block to the system device.  To save a program that
does not have its Core Control Block in the usual place  on  SYS,  you
must include all the optional arguments in the SAVE command.

Always use R to call a system program, since these do not have  to  be
resaved.   If  you  want  to run a program that you eventually plan to
update (using ODT, for example) and then save, use  the  RUN  and  GET
command rather than R.
































                                 3-49

RENAME                  OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS


3.41  RENAME

The RENAME command lets you change the name of a file.  The format is

     RENAME device:newname<device:oldname

where

     device:oldname           is the file name you want to change  and
                              the device on which it is located

     device:newname           is the new name and the same device

You must specify the same device for input and output in  the  command
line.

RENAME changes the input  file  name  and  prints  the  message  FILES
RENAMED  on  the  screen, followed by the old file name.  Thus, if you
type

     ._RENAME RXA1:FILE.PA<RXA1:RECORD.PA

the file RECORD.PA on RXA1 becomes FILE.PA.  The creation date and the
contents of the input file remain the same.

You may use wildcards with the RENAME command.



3.41.1  RENAME Options

RENAME provides the following options:

     *  /C     RENAME changes the name of the input file  only  if  it
               has the current date.

     *  /O     RENAME changes the name of the input file  only  if  it
               does not have the current date.

     *  /V     RENAME changes the name of all files on a device except
               the ones specified as input in the command line.

     *  /T     RENAME changes the name of the input file and gives  it
               the current date.

RENAME runs CCL.SV and FOTP.SV with the /R extension.


















                                 3-50

                        OS/8 KEYBOARD COMMANDS                     RES


3.42  RES

The RES command runs the RESORC program and lists the device  handlers
present on an OS/8 system.  The format is

     RES output:file<input:file

For a description of the input and output specifications for RES and a
list  of  RES  optio