HBUPDATE.DOC


				     OS/8
				Handbook Update
			  Order No. DEC-S8-OSHBA-A-DN4
















				  DISCLAIMER

		This document file was created by scanning  the
		original  document and then editing the scanned
		text.  As much as possible, the  original  text
		format  was restored.  Some format changes were
		made to insure this  document  would  print  on
		current laser printers using 60 lines per page.
		The  original  spelling  and  grammar  has been
		preserved.


		1-Dec-1996



						     OS/8
						Handbook Update
					 Order No. DEC-S8-OSHBA-A-DN4

















				   ABSTRACT


	    This document includes all previous corrections to the
	    OS/8 Handbook, and contains the documentation to
	    _____________
	    support V3D of OS/8.







	  SUPERSESSION/UPDATE INFORMATION:   This manual updates the
					     OS/8 Handbook for V3D
					     _____________
					     of OS/8.


	  OPERATING SYSTEM AND VERSION:	     OS/8 V3D









     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | To order additional copies of this document, contact the Software  |
     | Distribution Center, Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard,	  |
     | Massachusetts 01754						  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

	    digital equipment corporation - maynard. massachusetts




				     First Printing, October 1975
				     Revised:       December 1975
						   September 1977



     The information in this document is subject to change  without  notice
     and  should  not  be  construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment
     Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes  no  responsibility
     for any errors that may appear in this document.

     The software described in this document is furnished under  a  license
     and  may  be  used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such
     license.

     Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use or
     reliability  of  its  software  on  equipment  that is not supplied by
     DIGITAL.








	Copyright (C) 1975,1977 by Digital Equipment Corporation








     The postage prepaid READER'S COMMENTS form on the last  page  of  this
     document  requests  the  user's  critical  evaluation  to assist us in
     preparing future documentation.


     The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation:



		DIGITAL		DECsystem-10	    MASSBUS
		DEC		DECtape		    OMNIBUS
		PDP		DIBOL		    OS/8
		DECUS		EDUSYSTEM	    PHA
		UNIBUS		FLIP CHIP	    RSTS
		COMPUTER LABS	FOCAL		    RSX
		COMTEX		INDAC		    TYPESET-8
		DDT		LAB-8		    TYPESET-10
		DECCOMM		DECSYSTEM-20	    TYPESET-11







				 INTRODUCTION



     This update is a collection of  changes  and  additions  to  the  OS/8
								       ____
     Handbook  for use with Version 3D of OS/8. These changes and additions
     ________
     are documented herein by Chapter as they appear in the handbook.  This
     update  also  includes  information  on  several  new  or revised OS/8
     utility programs.  These utility programs, included as  Appendixes  to
     the handbook, are:


			   RXCOPY   -    Appendix I
			   SET      -    Appendix J
			   FUTIL    -    Appendix K
			   DUMP	    -    Appendix L
			   RKLFMT   -    Appendix M



































				      iii



						 FRONT MATTER AND CHAPTER 1

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES



     Page			    Addition/Correction


     ii		In the second line from the bottom, change "Communications
		Services, Parker Street" to "Software Distribution Center".


     viii	In the first line of the second paragraph, change
		"impossible" to "possible".

		At the end of the second paragraph, add "OS/8 also runs on
		the VT-78."


     1-2	Step 1, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-UCI to AL4711C-BA


     1-4	Step 1, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-UC2 to AL4712C-BA


     1-5	Step 6, First line of example, change "form" to "from"

		Step 6, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-UCI to AL4711C-8A


     1-9	Step 1, change DEC-12-OSYSB-A-ACI to AL-3580C-BM


     1-10	Step 1, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-TC1 to AR4585C-BA


     1-15	Step 1, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-TC2 to AR4586C-BA

		Step 2, change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-TC3 to AR4587C-BA


     1-16	Step 4, In the MCPIP: program line 5 is changed, lines 12
		and 13 are deleted, and three lines are appended. The
		complete program reads as follows:

		    *SYS:CCL.SV<CSA0:CCL.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:DIRECT.SV<CSA0:DIRECT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:FOTP.SV<CSA0:FOTP.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:PIP.SV<CSA0:PIP.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:LIB8.RL<CSA0:LIB8.RL
		    _
		    *SYS:EDIT.SV<CSA0:EDIT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:PAL8.SV<CSA0:PAL8.SV
		    _


				       1


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-16 	    *SYS:CREF.SV<CSA0:CREF.SV
		    _
     (cont.)	    *SYS:BITMAP.SV<CSA0:BITMAP.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:BOOT.SV<CSA0:BOOT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:CAMP.SV<CSA0:CAMP.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:FORT.SV<CSA1:FORT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:SABR.SV<CSA1:SABR.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:LOADER.SV<CSA1:LOADER.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:SRCCOM.SV<CSA1:SRCCOM.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:EPIC.SV<CSA1:EPIC.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:PIP10.SV<CSA1:PIP10.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:RESORC.SV<CSA1:RESORC.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:DTCOPY.SV <CSA1:DTCOPY.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:TDCOPY.SV<CSA1:TDCOPY.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:TDFRMT.SV<CSA1:TDFRMT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:DTFRMT.SV<CSA1:DTFRMT.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:LIBSET.SV<CSA1:LIBSET.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:RXCOPY.SV<CSA1:RXCOPY.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:HELP.SV<CSA1:HELP.SV
		    _

		Step 5, change the current Step 5 to Step 6 and insert the
		following as the new Step 5.

		To write SET.SV and HELP.HL files on the system device,
		mount AR4688C-BA in drive 0 and AR4689C-BA in drive 1. Type
		the following command line after the asterisk is printed on
		the terminal.

		    *SYS:SET.SV<CSA0:SET.SV
		    _
		    *SYS:HELP.SV<CSA1:HELP.SV
		    _

		By typing the command line:

		.R CCL
		_

		you can run your programs by using CCL commands.

		Step 6, in the new Step 6 change DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-TC6 to
		AR4690C-B.


    1-17	Step 2, change (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-PB1) to AK4678C-BA.


    1-19	Change the NOTE to read as follows:


					    NOTE

		    When building from the low-speed reader (KS33), after
		    entering PTR followed by carriage return the system
		    responds with an up-arrow;  the user must respond by
		    typing any character on the terminal and then

				       2


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-19	    immediately turn on the reader.  If the reader is not
     (cont.)	    turned on promptly, the system hangs.  Remember to turn
		    off the reader when it reaches the leader/trailer at
		    the end of the tape.

		Step 6, change (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-PB4) to AK4679C-BA.

		Step 7, change (DECS8-OSYSB-PB5) to AK4680C-BA


     1-20	Step 9, change ABSLDR to EPIC

		Delete the entire section "Loading System Programs from
		Paper Tape" pages 1-20 through 1-25, and replace with the
		following:

		Loading Paper Tape Binary Kit

		Paper tape binary kits for OS/8 V3D are punched using EPIC.
		This use of EPIC simplifies loading these tapes onto SYS:
		All tapes, except those used to build a Monitor and a Sys-
		tem Head and EPIC itself, must be loaded onto SYS: using
		EPIC. The procedure for loading paper tape binary kits is
		described below.

						  NOTE
			Skip Step 1 if EPIC.SV exists in system directory.

		1. Place the EPIC binary tape (AK4667C-BA) in the reader
		and type:

		    .R ABSLDR (CR)
		    _
		    *PTR:($)^
		    _	    _

		Turn on reader and type any key on keyboard.

						NOTE
			(CR) is carriage return (press RETURN key). ($) is
			escape or altmode, strike ESC key.

		EPIC will be read in by this procedure. If necessary, turn
		off the reader. Save EPIC as a file by typing:

		    .SAVE SYS:EPIC.SV(CR)
		    _

		2. Type .R EPIC(CR)
			_

		3. To load any paper tape onto SYS:, put the paper tape for
		that file in the reader and type:

		    *SYS:</0/Y($) for the high speed reader or
		    _
		    *SYS:</0/Y/L($) for the low speed reader. (Turn on the
		    _

				       3


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-20		low speed reader, depress CONT on the operator's
     (cont.)		console after the computer halts to allow loading
			the tape in the reader. After the tape has read in,
			the computer halts again. If there are no more
			tapes to that file to be loaded, turn off the reader
			and depress CONT. If these are more tapes to the
			file continue to Step 4.


		4. If the file being created requires more than one tape to
		be input, the message:

		    END OF TAPE ENTER NEXT
		    ______________________

		will be displayed on the console terminal and the computer
		will halt with 7777(8) in the AC. Place the next tape of
		the file in the reader, turn it on, and depress CONT.
		Repeat Step 4 until all tapes for the file are loaded.

		If the tapes of a multiple tape file are read out of
		sequence an error message:

		    NEED nnnn FOUND mmmm
		    ____________________

		will be output on the console terminal. Check the tapes of
		the file and place the proper tape in the reader, and
		depress CONT on the operators console.

		5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 to load each tape or set of tapes
		into a file on SYS:

		More information on EPIC can be found in Chapter 2 of the
		OS/8 Handbook (DEC-S8-OSHBA-A-D).

		6. If desired, you can load CCL.SV, EDIT.SV, and BATCH.SV
		(if you have the OS/8 Extension Kit) and then create a
		batch stream to load the desired files onto SYS:

		Create a batch file as follows:

		    .CREATE LOAD.BI(CR)
		    _
		    #A(CR)
		    _
		    $JOB TO LOAD FILES USING EPIC(CR)
		    .R EPIC(CR)

		    *SYS:</0/Y$(CR)	$=dollar sign key (shift/4) - not
		    *SYS:</0/Y$(CR)	escape or altmode. Add/L before $
					(see example in Step 3 above) if
					reading from low speed reader.
		    *SYS:</0/Y$(CR)	Put in a few of the load commands;
		    .SU LOAD.BI/T(CR)	the more you put in, the fewer
					times the job will re-submit itself.

				       4


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-20	    (CTRL/FORM)		(CTRL/FORM) means hold down
     (cont.)	    #E(CR)		CTRL key, depress "L" (FORM) key
		    _

		Then run it, using the command:

		    .SU LOAD.BI/T(CR)
		    _

		Every time the computer stops, replace the tape in the
		reader with a new one (or next in sequence) and depress
		CONT. Ignore any

		    L/T ERROR
		    _________

		messages on console terminal due to running off the end of
		the paper tape.


     1-29	Insert the following table before the section entitled
		"Restarting OS/8":

			Table 1-11A RX01 Floppy Disk Bootstrap

		-----------------------------------------------------------
		Step Octal	Switch Register
		# Values	Setting	And Then
		-----------------------------------------------------------
				012	345	678	91011
		1   0000	000	000	000	000	press EXTD
								 ADDR LOAD
		2   0024	000	000	010	100	press ADDR
								 LOAD
		3   7126	111	001	010	110	lift DEP key
		4   1060	001	000	110	000	lift DEP key
		5   6751	110	111	101	001	lift DEP key
		6   7201	111	010	000	001	lift DEP key
		7   4053	100	000	101	011	lift DEP key
		8   4053	100	000	101	011	lift DEP key
		9   7104	111	001	000	100	lift DEP key
		10  6755	110	111	101	101	lift DEP key
		11  5054	101	000	101	100	lift DEP key
		12  6754	110	111	101	100	lift DEP key
		13  7450	111	100	101	000	lift DEP key
		14  7610	111	110	001	000	lift DEP key
		15  5046	101	000	100	110	lift DEP key
		16  1060	001	000	110	000	lift DEP key
		17  7041	111	000	100	001	lift DEP key
		18  1061	001	000	110	001	lift DEP key
		19  3060	011	000	110	000	lift DEP key
		20  5024	101	000	010	100	lift DEP key
		21  6751	110	111	101	001	lift DEP key
		22  4053	100	000	101	011	lift DEP key
		23  3002	011	000	000	010	lift DEP key

				       5


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-29	24  2050	010	000	101	000	lift DEP key
     (cont.)	25  5047	101	000	100	111	lift DEP key
		26  0000	000	000	000	000	lift DEP key
		27  6753	110	111	101	011	lift DEP key
		28  5033	101	000	011	011	lift DEP key
		29  6752	110	111	101	010	lift DEP key
		30  5453	101	100	101	011	lift DEP key
		31  7024	111	000	010	100	lift DEP key
		32  6030	110	000	011	000	lift DEP key
		33  0033	000	000	011	011	press ADDR
								LOAD and
								press CLEAR
								and press
								CONT


     1-31	Add the following to Table 1-12 Permanent Device Names:

		RXAn	Diskette n (floppy), where n is an integer in the
			range of 0-7 inclusive.

		RKBn	DECpack n, where n is an integer in the range 0-1.

		NULL	On input this returns an immediate end-of-file; on
			output this device ignores characters.

		DUMP	Prints contents of device blocks on LPT


     1-32	Add the following to Table 1-13 Assumed Extensions:

						NOTE
		    Refer to Appendix F for a complete list of commonly used
		    extensions.


     1-37	Under the GET Command, add the following insert before the
		last sentence in that paragraph.

		In addition, location 7747 in field 0 is loaded with the
		block number of the first block of the core image file
		(.SV) specified.

		Under the "JOB STATUS WORD," delete "Bits 4-9 Unused and
		reserved for future expansion" and add the following:

		Bit 4=1 A core image file that was generated by LINK
		containing overlays.

		Bit 5=1 This program cannot be run by the R, RUN, or GET
		commands under OS/78.


				       6


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-37	Bit 6-9 Unused and reserved for future expansion.
     (cont.)

     1-41	Replace this page with:

		RUN Command
		    The RUN command is of the form:

			.RUN dev file.ex
		    or
			.RU dev file.ex

		The RUN command, like the SAVE command, handles only core-
		image files. The file indicated (file.ex) on the device
		specified (dev) is loaded into core and its core control
		block is moved to the system scratch area. The program is
		started at its starting address. Location 7747 in field 0
		is loaded with the block member of the first block of the
		core image file (.SV).

		The RUN command is equivalent to a GET and a START command.

		If an extension to the file is not specified, the extension
		.SV is automatically added to the file name. For example:

		    .RU DTA1:PROG
		    _

		causes the file PROG.SV on DECtape 1 to be loaded and started.

		R Command
		    The R Command is of the form:

				.R file.ex
				_
		and is similar to
				.RUN SYS file.ex
				_

		This command handles only core image files from the system
		device. The file is loaded and started and location 7747 is
		loaded with the block member of the first block of the core
		image file (.SV). If the file name extension is not
		specified, the extension .SV is automatically added.

		The R command differs from the RUN command in that a core
		control block is not written to the system device. In order
		to save a program which does not have its core control
		block in the usual location on the system device, all the
		optional arguments of the SAVE command must be explicitly
		stated. System programs are most often called using the R
		command, since they need not be resaved.

		To call a program which is to be later updated and saved,
		use of the RUN or GET commands is suggested.

				       7


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-41	START Command
     (cont.)	    The START command is of the form:


     1-52	Middle of the page, remove the paragraph that begins "The
		user may write his own CCL commands..." and insert:

		Sophisticated users who wish to add their own CCL commands
		should refer to the OS/8 V3 source listing of
		CCL(DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-LA18).


     1-53	After BACKSPace add
		BASIC
		Delete CORE
		After DIRect add
		DUPlicate
		After MAP add
		MEMory
		Delete RES and replace with
		RESource


     1-55	In Table 1-16 add options

		   -N	NULL
		   -D   DUMP


     1-56	Add the following as the last paragraph under the section
		entitled "INDIRECT COMMANDS":

		A single quote is permitted after file specification; if
		used, it is ignored. A single quote prevents the next
		letter from being considered part of the indirect command
		file name.


     1-57	In the third paragraph, change "64" to "40". In the example
		above the paragraph, change "0102036404000506" to
		"0102034004000506".


     1-58	Before the title "BOOT Command", insert the following:

		BASIC COMMAND
		The BASIC command requests execution of the BASIC editor.

		Format:

		.BASIC


				       8


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-58	Example:
     (cont.)
		    .BASIC
		    _
		    NEW OR OLD--
		    ____________

		For additional information on BASIC, refer to Chapter 6.

		This command runs CCL.SV and BASIC.SV.


     1-59	Add the following to the section entitled "COMPILE Command",
		after ".COM file.ex<file.ex":

		or
		.COM A,B<C,D
		for multiple Input/Output files.

		The COMPILE command produces similar results when chaining
		and specifying either the /T option or the /T/F options.
		For example, both of the following commands produce a RALF
		symbol table only:

		    .COM LPT FL1/T/G
		    _
		    .COM LPT FL1/T/F/G
		    _


     1-61,62	Delete the CORE command and its description.


     1-64	Before the EDIT command, insert the following:

		DUPLICATE COMMAND
		The DUPLICATE command copies or transfers the entire
		contents of one diskette to another diskette.

		Format:

		    .DUPLICATE outdev:<indev:/options

		In addition to the necessary arguments in the command line,
		DUPLICATE options can be used to affect the DUPLICATE
		operation.

		Example:

		    .DUPLICATE RXA1:<RXA0:
		    _

		The contents of input device RXA0 is copied onto output
		device RXA1.

		Changing Devices Before and After Executing the DUPLICATE
		Command - You can only duplicate from RXA0 to RXA1 or RXA1

				       9


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-64	to RXA0. Driver RXA2 and RXA3 is not supported by the
     (cont.)	DUPLICATE command. Since the Monitor resides on the system
		device, the system device must remain an line when
		interacting with the Monitor and any OS/78 system programs.

		If you want to transfer the contents of a diskette
		containing only files (one that does not contain a system),
		use the /P option. The /P option pauses before and after its
		execution of the DUPLICATE command. A ready message followed
		by a question mark is displayed. This pause provides time to
		remove the system device and mount a device onto which the
		contents are to be transferred, to or from. To start the
		DUPLICATE operation, type a Y after the question mark and
		press the RETURN key. After the DUPLICATE operation is
		completed, a message is displayed asking if the Monitor is
		remounted. The second pause provides time to remove the new
		device and remount the system device so control can return
		to the Monitor. After remounting the system device, type a
		Y after the question mark and press the RETURN key, to
		return control to the Monitor.

		Example:

		    .DU RXA0:<RXA1:/P
		    _
		    READY?Y
		    ______
		    IS MONITOR REMOUNTED?Y
		    _____________________
		    .
		    _

		Performing a Read Check
		To check the integrity of a diskette, use the /R option and
		specify only the input device. By specifying the /R option,
		every block of the specified device is read and checked for
		bad sectors. If bad sectors exist, a message with the
		device, track number and sector number is displayed. If
		none exist, control returns to the Monitor.

		Example:

		    .DU <RXA1:/R
		    _
		    INPUT DEV READ ERROR TRACK:nn SEC:nn
		    ____________________________________

		Transfer Without Checking for Identical Contents
		To transfer the contents of one device to another without
		performing any checks, use the /N option. By specifying the
		/N option, the contents of the input device is transferred
		or copied to the output device. If /N is not specified and
		the DUPLICATE operation is completed, the contents of the
		output device is compared to that of the input device to
		assure accuracy.

		Check for Identical Contents Without Transferring
		To check the contents of devices to see if they are

				      10


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-64	identical without transferring, use the /M option. By
     (cont.)	specifying the /M option the contents of both devices are
		read and checked for a match. If they do match, control
		returns to the Monitor. However, if they differ in any way,
		a message, the device-name, the track number, and the
		sector number of the sectors or blocks that do not match
		are displayed.

		Example:

		    .DU RXA1:<RXA0:/M
		    _
		    COMPARE ERROR TRACK nn SECTOR nn
		    ________________________________

		This command causes the execution of both the CCL.SV and
		the RXCOPY.SV programs.


     1-65	Add the following to the section entitled "EXECUTE Command",
		after ".EXE file.ex,file.ex":

		or
		.EXE A<B
		to execute file "B" producing file "A".


     1-66	Delete the HELP command description and insert:

		HELP Command
		The HELP command sends information on OS/8 programs to the
		output device, usually the terminal. There is a HELP
		program (HELP.SV) that is executed every time the HELP
		command is used. There is also a HELP file (HELP.HL) that
		contains a list of all the HELP subfiles available and the
		actual HELP text itself. Both the HELP.SV and HELP.HL
		files must be on the system device.

		Format:

		    .HELP outdev:file.ex<argument

		where:

		    argument is usually an OS/8 program or CCL command.

		Example:

		    .HELP RXCOPY or .HELP DUPLICATE
		    _		    _

		Note that the default output device is TTY.

		The OS/8 software for the HELP files can be supplied on any


				      11


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-66	device. Following is a list of all the arguments that can
     (cont.)	be used with the HELP command.

		ABSLDR	      BASIC	   BCOMP	BRTS	    BOOT
		BUILD	      "NONE"	   CCL		CREF	    DIRECT
		EDIT	      CREATE	   EPIC		FORT	    FRTS
		F4	      FORTRAN	   F4ERR	LIBRA	    LOAD
		LOADER	      MAP	   BITMAP	ODT	    PAL8
		PAL	      PALERR	   PIP		PIP10	    DUPLIC
		RXCOPY	      SABR	   SET		SRCCOM	    COMPAR
		BATCH	      SUBMIT	   TECO		MAKE	    MUNG
		FOTP	      LIST	   COPY		RENAME	    TYPE
		DELETE	      ASSIGN	   DATE		DEASSIG	    GET
		MEMORY	      R		   RUN		SAVE	    START
		SQUISH	      UA	   ZERO

		There is a HELP file which contains all CCL commands. This
		file is displayed by typing the HELP command without any
		arguments as follows:

		    .HELP
		    _

		If a HELP file for a specific command is desired, type the
		name of the command for which the information is desired.
		For example,

		    .HELP PAL
		    _

		To obtain a list of all legal arguments for HELP, type the
		HELP command followed by an asterisk or type the HELP
		command followed by 'HELP' as follows:

		    .HELP *
		or
		    .HELP HELP

		Note that the HELP.HL file must be on the system device.


     1-68	Both examples of the MAKE Command should specify "MAK" not
		"MA". Also, change "%SUPERCEDING" to "%SUPERSEDING".


     1-70	In the first line of the MUNG command example, change "HX!"
		to "HX1!".

		Before the PAL Command insert the following:

		MEMORY COMMAND
		The MEMORY command is used to find the highest field
		available in hardware or to limit that value in software.


				      12


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-70	Format:
     (cont.)
		    .MEMORY n or .MEMORY

		where:

		    n	is an octal number representing the number of
			fields (4K) available to OS/8. It is in the range
			of 0-7.

		Example:

		    .MEMORY 3
		    _
	
		    16K MEMORY
		    __________

		The following table lists the values of n and their meanings.

		    n	memory

		    O	all available memory
		    1	8K
		    2	12K
		    3	16K
		    4	20K
		    5	24K
		    6	28K
		    7	32K


		To find the amount of memory actually being used by OS/8,
		type the command with no argument.

		    .MEMORY
		    _

		    20K/32K MEMORY
		    ______________

		In this example, a 32K system has been restricted to only
		20K of available memory. This was done by using a MEMORY 4
		command.

		If all available memory is being used, the total amount of
		memory is printed.

		Example:

		    .MEMORY
		    _

		    32K MEMORY
		    __________

		This command causes the execution of the CCL.SV program.


				      13


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     1-74	Add the following note to the end of the section "UA, UB,
		UC Commands":

		"The CCL commands UA, UB, and UC are used to remember and
		recall arguments. These arguments are not deleted when the
		system date is changed. Most other CCL commands do not
		remember commands typed at sessions on previous days."


     1-77	In "Table 1-18 CCL Error Messages (Cont.)", change
		"%SUPERCEDING" to "%SUPERSEDING".


     1-79	Delete the /A option from Table 1-19.


     1-81	In Table 1-21, insert a dot (.) in the lefthand column
		("Character") of the first line.


     1-99	In the second paragraph under the /I option, change "-n" to
		"=n". The missing example should be:

		    *IMPORT.PA[23]</I=27

		Delete /L option and its description.


     1-102	Add the following NOTE to the end of Table 1-24:

		"PIP does not ask the question ZERO SYS for a handler that
		is co-resident with the SYS: handler.  For example, if both
		SYS: and LTA0 are LINCtape 0, a request to zero LINCtape 0
		will not produce the question.  This is a potentially
		dangerous command."


     1-120	In the last line of the first paragraph, change "0007" to
		"0006".


     1-122	In Table 1-28, insert a slash (/) in the lefthand column
		opposite the last line.










				      14




								  CHAPTER 2

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES



     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-3	In Table 2-1 Run Time Options, append the following:

                /H  Process the batch input file without echoing and without
		    sending the $JOB and $END batch monitor commands to both
		    the terminal and batch log.


     2-34	In the first paragraph of the section entitled "OS/8 Device
		Handlers", change "Appendix H" to "Appendix G".


     2-36	At the top of the page, change (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-UC2) to:

                AL-4712C-BA

                After Table 2-7 change (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-TC4) to:

                AR-4588C-BA


     2-37	After Table 2-8 change (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-PB2) to:

                AK-4660C-BA and (DEC-S8-OSYSB-A-PB3) to:

                AK-4671C-BA


     2-38	In Table 2-9 after the entry "DF32 disk nonsystem handler"
		add:

                RX01SY disk system handler      RX8E  SYS        RX01SY.BN
                RX01NS disk nonsystem handler   RX01  RXA0,RXA1  RX01NS.BN
                VT50 VT-50 input handler        VT50  LST        VT50.BN
                LQP line printer handler        LQP   LPT        LQP.BN
                Octable block DUMP handler      DUMP  DUMP       DUMP.BN
                RX78B disk nonsystem            RX01  RXA2,RXA3  RX78B.BN
                handler (for VT-78 only)


     2-47	The last example on the page should be:

                    $UNLOAD TC:DTA3



				      15


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-48	The first example on the page should be:

		    $UNLOAD TC:DTA0,DTA2


     2-52	After the section entitled "VERSION" add:

		SIZE

		Syntax:$SIZE aname or $ SIZE aname=new value

		aname must be the permanent name of a device currently
		marked as active.

		Example: $SIZE RF08=1777

		changes the length of the RF08 handler to 1777.

		Function: The SIZE command modifies word ten of a handler
		header block. Word ten specifies the size, in blocks, of a
		single platter on a system device.


     2-56	In Table 2-11 after "?PLAT", add:

		?SLOTS	This error indicates you have inserted more than 8
			groups of non-system handlers. Each slot may have
			more than one entry point. To correct, delete
			PNAMES until there are 8 or less non-system
			handlers.


     2-60	In Table 2-12 at the top of the page, change "25-26=unused"
		to 25=RX01 disk; 26=unused.

		Change "31-37=unused by Digital" to:

		31-35 Unused by Digital

		36 Dump Handler

		37 Unused by Digital

		In the section "ENTRY POINT OFFSET", change all occurrences
		of "7-23" to "7-24". In the list of devices, change "RK8
		disk" to "RK8/RK8E disk", and add the following:

		    "RF/DF disk       24"
		    RXA0	      30
		    RXA1	      34



				      16


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-60	Also, change "Thus, the user-coded file ...." to "Thus, the
     (cont.)	user-coded file devices should use entry points other than
		7-24,30,34.


     2-61	Add the following information:

		CREATING A SYSTEM HANDLER

		When creating a new system handler, the user must obey the
		following restrictions:

		    (a) The length of a bootstrap must be greater than or
			equal to 21 (octal) locations. A bootstrap shorter
			than 21 locations must be padded, otherwise BUILD
			results are unpredictable.
		    (b) The length of the bootstrap must be less than or
			equal to 177 (octal) locations.
		    (c) If the system handler is a one-page handler, only
			the first 47 (octal) locations of the bootstrap are
			significant. The remaining locations are ignored
			and not written on the system device. Also, no
			handler may have more than 20 (octal) entry points.
		    (d) If a system handler is 2 pages long, relative
			location 12 of the first page must contain a 3. The
			second page loads into location 27600 and is stored
			on block 66 of SYS:


     2-69	Add the following to the NOTE: RALF is not fully supported
		by CREF.


     2-70	In Table 2-14 (CREF Options), change the /E option to /A.


     2-77	After the last paragraph on this page, add the following:


						NOTE
			   If you want the date printed in your directory
			   listings, it must be entered into the system
			   prior to the DIRECT command.


     2-97	Add the following examples to the "FILE ORIENTED TRANSFER
		PROGRAM (FOTP)". These examples will help give the user a
		better understanding of the program.

		Transfer the file X.Y from disk to DECtape:



				      17


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-97		*DTA0:<X.Y
     (cont.)
		Transfer the files A, B, C, D and E from SYS: to DTA3:

			*DTA3:<SYS:A,B,C,D,E

		Transfer all FORTRAN source files from one DECtape to
		another, producing a log of those copied:

			*DTA2:<DTA5:*.FT/L

		List all FORTRAN and BASIC files on the line printer in
		order of appearance on DSK:

			*LPT:<*.FT,*.BA

		List all FORTRAN and BASIC files on the line printer
		listing all FORTRAN files before all BASIC files:

			*LPT:<*.FT,*.BA/U

		Copy all files other than .SV and .BN files from DTA3: to
		DSK: then copy all files other than those whose name begins
		with a K from DTA2: to DSK:. Log all files copied:
	
			*DSK:<DTA3:*.SV,*.BN,DTA2:K?????.*/V/L

		Copy the file A.B from DSK: to DTA1: changing its name to
		C.D. Give the new file today's data:

			*DTA1:C.D<A.B/T

		Copy all files from LTA2: which have the extension .PA to
		SYS: changing the extension to .PL allocating storage on
		SYS: without doing pre-deletions:

			*SYS:*.PL<LTA2:*.PA/N

		Find all files on RKA2: with the name FOO and any extension
		but which have today's date, and copy them to SYS:
		changing the file name to WXYZ yet keeping the extension:

			*SYS:WXYZ.*<RKA2:FOO.*/C

		Delete all disk files (except those with today's date)
		which either have the extension .LS, .TM, or .BK and those
		whose file name begins with TMP:

			*DSK:<*.LS,*.TM,*.BK,TMP???.*/D/O

		Delete each .BN file for which there is a corresponding .PA
		file:

				      18


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-97		**.BN<*.PA/D
     (cont.)
		Delete all .LS files on DTA3: for which there is a file on
		RKA0: with the same name but an extension of either .PA,
		.RA, or no extension:

			*DTA3:*.LS<RKA0:*.PA,*.RA,*/D

		Delete all files on the disk for which there are already
		copies on one of the four DECtape drives:

			*DSK:<DTA0:*.*,DTA1:*.*,DTA2:*.*,DTA3:*.*/D

		Produce a log of all files on DTA1: that have the file name
		FOO and an extension which is the same as any file on SYS:
		that has a one or two-character file name beginning with a
		"T". Do not perform any transfers or deletions:

			*DTA1:FOO.*<SYS:T?.*/N/D/L

		Change the name of the file DSK:FILE.PA to FILE2.PA:

			*FILE2.PA<FILE.PA/R

		Rename all files on DTA6: with a .PA extension to have a
		.PB extension:

			*DTA6:*.PB<DTA6:*.PA/R

		Change the extension from .RL to .OL of all files on DTA1:
		that correspond to files on DSK: with the same name and
		today's date:

			*DTA1:*.OL<*.RL/C/R


     2-106	In "Table 2-20 FOTP Options (Cont.)", add to the "/R"
		option:

		     (a) The rename option (/R) now looks at the /T switch.
			 If /T is typed then not only is the file renamed,
			 but the new file receives today's date. Without /T,
			 the new name has the same date as the old name.
		     (b) The rename option (/R) now allows you to rename a
			 file to its own name. This was not previously
			 permitted. It is not very useful unless some other
			 switch is included, for example /T.
		     (c) If no output file is specified with /R, then FOTP
			 assumes the same name as the first input file.

		Example: To redate all files on a DECtape to Jan. 1, 1976:


				      19


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-106	    .DATE 1/1/76
		    _
     (cont.)	    .RENAME DTA0:*.*/T
		    _


     2-113	Add the following options to Table 2-22:

		/I   Assume the input device is a cassette drive. An input
		     device must also be specified on the command decoder
		     line, but it is ignored. This option is used when
		     there are no cassette handlers configured into your
		     system. The drive number is specified as an option,
		     e.g., /1 represents drive 1. The /I and /O options
		     must not be used in the same command line.

		/O   Assume the output device is a cassette drive. An
		     output device must also be specified on the command
		     decoder line, but is ignored. This option is used when
		     there are no cassette handlers configured into your
		     system. The drive number is specified as an option. The
		     /I and /O options must not be used in the same command
		     line.


     2-140	In the fourth paragraph change the second sentence to:

		All error messages are of the form:

		      ?XXX

		where XXX is a 3-letter mnemonic which references the list
		of error messages that appears at the end of this chapter.

		After the last sentence on this page, append:

		If TECO runs on a machine with at least 12K of memory, the
		error message and a description of the error message are
		displayed on the terminal.


     2-142	In Table 2-28, under RUBOUT, append:

		If SET TTY SCOPE is typed followed by a carriage return,
		RUBOUT erases the character from the screen of a VT52.


     2-143	In Table 2-28, under CTRL/C, append:

		If CTRL/C is not typed as the first character after an
		asterisk (*) is printed, the ?XAB error message (execution
		aborted) is displayed and control returns to TECO.



				      20


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-146	In Table 2-30, under the Y command, append:

		If this command is issued while an output file containing
		text in the buffer is open, an error message is displayed.
		To avoid this situation, use HKY.

		In Table 2-30, under the P command, delete the description
		and replace with:

		Writes the content of the buffer onto the output file then
		clears the buffer and reads the next page of the input file
		into the buffer. A form feed is appended only if one was
		present when the buffer was read in.


     2-152	In Table 2-35 delete ^Rtext1$text2$ and the description.


     2-155	Under COMMAND LOOPS in the sentence "If n is not supplied,
		a value of 4096 is assumed." change "4096" to "infinity".


		Under Q-Registers, in the sentence "In the number storage
		area, each Q-register can store one integer in the range
		-2048<=n<=2047" change the range to:
		
		- 4095<=n<=4095


     2-156	Change Table 2-37 as follows: The last sentence describing
		n%q$ should read "If n is not present, it is assumed to be
		equal to 1."

		Replace the command n%$ with n%q.

		Under the nUq command change the range from "-2049<=n<=2048"
		to:

		"-4095<=n<=4095".


     2-159	In Table 2-39 delete the n-m"A and n-m"B commands and their
		 descriptions.

		Under the n"G command, change the range from
		"- 2048<=n<=2047" to:

		"-4095<=n<=4095"


    2-160	Under the section entitled Numeric Arguments, delete the
		second paragraph and insert the following:

				      21

     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-160	This leads to an important restriction on the maximum size
    (cont.)	of any numeric argument. Commands which require positive
		arguments must have an argument in the range 0<n<8195,
		since 8195 is the largest number which may be stored in one
		TECO word. Commands which may have positive or negative
		arguments require an argument in the range -4095<n<4095,
		because -4095 is the smallest number which may be stored in
		13 bits using 2's complement notation, while 4095 is the
		largest number which may be stored in this manner.


     2-162	In Table 240, change the ^V character to EO and the
		description to:

		EO is equivalent to the version of TECO which is currently
		being run. This manual describes TECO version 5.


     2-163	In the last line before Table 241, change 4096 to 8192.

		In Table 2-41, under the - operator, change -2=4096 to
		-2=-2.


     2-175	Replace figures 2-5 and 2-6 with the following:

		Figure 2-5:

		     J!1!OUN 0US!
		     !<QNA-32"E 1%S$'!
		     !QNA-13"E OJUSTIFY$'!
		     !1%N$>!
		     !!JUSTIFY!QN-40"G!
		     !60-QN-QS<S $I $S^N$>
		     !0L QS%N$ Q5%S$ OJUSTIFY$'!
		     !60-QN"G 60-QN<S $I $S^N $>''!
		     !LZ-."G0 1$'$$

		Figure 2-6:

		     .R TECO
		     *ERDTA1:MACRO.TE$ Y HXI HK$$
		     *ERDTA1:TEXT.AS$ Y MI$$


     2-178	Replace the example for SUPER TECO with:

		     .GET SYS TECO
		     .ODT
		     2051/7420 7610
		     2134/7450 7410
		     ^C
		     .SAVE SYS STECO

				      22


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-178	Replace the current example of STECO (Super TECO) with the
     (cont.)	following example.

		.R STECO
		*ERBBB:$EWDDD:JUNK.$$	(WHERE BBB IS THE DEVICE WITH A LOST
					FILE (EMPTY)). READ FROM BAD DEVICE
					BBB: WRITE A FILE JUNK ON GOOD
					DEVICE DDD:

		*NABCDE$QLT$$		SEARCH FOR NEXT "ABCDE" THEN TYPE
					THE LINE. MULTIPLE SEARCHES MAY
					NEED TO BE MADE.

		*D......		DELETE JUNK CHARACTERS FROM THE BE-
					GINNING OF THE LINE PARTICULARLY A
					^Z.

		*EF$$			CLOSE THE JUNK FILE.

		*EWDEV:FILEN.EX$$	OPEN A NEW FILE ON THE GOOD DEVICE
					WITH THE PROPER FILE NAME.

		*NUVWXYZ$PWEF$$		SEARCH FOR THE END OF THE FILE TEXT
					"UVWXYZ" WRITING TO THE NEW FILE.

		*EX$$			EXIT TO OS/8.

		In the section on "Incompatibilities Between OS/8 TECO and
		DECsystem-10 TECO," change incompatibility #1 to read as
		follows: "The ^R command does not exist on DECsystem-10
		TECO."


     2-179	Step 6 - delete

		Step 7 - delete the word "^V".

		In Table 244, add the commands:

		FS  search for a character string in the current buffer and
		    replace with another string.

		FN  search for a character string in a page of the input
		    file which may not have been read into the buffer, and
		    replace with another string.

		^U  insert the specified character string into the text
		    storage area of the Q-register.


     2-180	In Table 244, under the heading POINTER POSITIONS, change
		the command mL to nL.

				      23


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-182,	In the section "Running TECO on the PDP-12" change all
     2-183	references to "^W" to "W"


     2-184	Table 2-45, delete all and replace with: Table 2-45 on next
		3 pages.


		   Table 2-45 Summary of TECO Error Messages

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | Printout |	  Printout	   |	       Meaning		  |
     | Abbrev-	|	  Message	   |				  |
     | iation   |			   |				  |
     |----------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
     |	?ARG	| IMPROPER ARGUMENTS	   | Number missing before comma, |
     |		|			   | or two arguments specified   |
     |		|			   | to D, or three numeric	  |
     |		|			   | arguments			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?BNI	| NOT AN ITERATION	   | Iteration close (>) without  |
     |		|			   | matching open (<)		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?CCL	| CCL.SV NOT FOUND OR EG   | CCL not found or EG argument |
     |		| ARGUMENT TOO BIG	   | too long			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?FER	| FILE ERROR		   | FILE ERROR can mean:	  |
     |		|			   | 1) input file not found on   |
     |		|			   |    "ER" command		  |
     |		|			   | 2) cannot enter output file  |
     |		|			   |    on "EW" or "EB" command	  |
     |		|			   | 3) device specified for file |
     |		|			   |    does not exist		  |
     |		|			   | 4) "EB" command given on	  |
     |		|			   |    non-file structured device|
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?FUL	| OUTPUT COMMAND WOULD HAVE| Output command would have	  |
     |		|			   | overflowed output file	  |
     |		|			   | (panic mode)		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?IEC	| ILLEGAL CHARACTER X*	   | E followed by an illegal	  |
     |		| AFTER E		   | character			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?IFC	| ILLEGAL CHARACTER X*     | F followed by an illegal	  |
     |		| AFTER F		   | character			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?IFN	| ILLEGAL CHARACTER X***   | Illegal file name in "ER",	  |
     |		| IN FILE NAME		   | "EW" or command		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?ILL	| ILLEGAL COMMAND X*	   | Illegal command		  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
						(continued on next page)

				      24


     Page			    Addition/Correction


	       Table 2-45 Summary of TECO Error Messages (cont.)

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | Printout |	  Printout	   |	       Meaning		  |
     | Abbrev-	|	  Message	   |				  |
     | iation   |			   |				  |
     |----------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
     |	?INP	| INPUT ERROR		   | Parity error on input file	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?IQC	| ILLEGAL CHARACTER X*	   | " followed by an illegal	  |
     |		| AFTER ""		   | command			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?IQN	| ILLEGAL Q REGISTER NAME  | Non-alphanumeric Q-register  |
     |		| X**			   | name			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?MEM	| STORAGE CAPACITY EXCEEDED| Text buffer overflow	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAC	| NEGATIVE ARGUMENT TO,	   | Negative argument to comma	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAE	| NO ARGUMENT BEFORE =	   | No numeric argument to the   |
     |		|			   | left of an equal sign	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAP	| NEGATIVE OR ZERO ARGUMENT| Negative or zero argument to |
     |		| TO P			   | P				  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAQ	| NO ARGUMENT BEFORE QUOTE | No numeric argument to the   |
     |		|			   | left of a quote		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAS	| NEGATIVE OR ZERO ARGUMENT| Negative or zero argument	  |
     |		| TO S			   | with a search		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAU	| NO ARGUMENT BEFORE U	   | No numeric argument to the	  |
     |		|			   | left of a U		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NAY	| NUMERIC ARGUMENT TO Y	   | Numeric argument specified   |
     |		|			   | with Y command		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NFO	| VERSION NUMBER TO FILE   | Attempt to output without	  |
     |		| FOR OUTPUT		   | opening an output file	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NYI	| CASE SUPPORT NOT	   | Case support not implemented |
     |		| IMPLEMENTED		   | (use EO for version)	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?NYI	| CASE SUPPORT NOT	   | Case support not implemented |
     |		| IMPLEMENTED		   | (use W for watch)		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?OUT	| OUTPUT ERROR		   | Output file too big or	  |
     |		|			   | output parity error	  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
						(continued on next page)



				      25


     Page			    Addition/Correction


	       Table 2-45 Summary of TECO Error Messages (cont.)

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | Printout |	  Printout	   |	       Meaning		  |
     | Abbrev-	|	  Message	   |				  |
     | iation   |			   |				  |
     |----------|--------------------------|------------------------------|
     |	?PDO	| INTERNAL PUSHDOWN	   | Pushdown overflow (macros	  |
     |		| OVERFLOW		   | and iterations nested too    |
     |		|			   | deeply)			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?POP	| ATTEMPT TO MOVE POINTER  | Attempt to move pointer	  |
     |		| OFF PAGE		   | outside of text buffer	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?QMO	| Q REGISTER MEMORY	   | Q-register storage overflow  |
     |		| OVERFLOW		   |				  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?SNI	| NOT IN AN ITERATION	   | Semicolon on command level	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?SRH	| SEARCH FAILED		   | Failing search at command	  |
     |		|			   | level			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?STL	| SEARCH STRING TOO LONG   | Search string too large	  |
     |		|			   | (greater than 31 characters) |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?UTC	| UNTERMINATED COMMAND	   | Incomplete command (PDL not  |
     |		|			   | empty at end of command	  |
     |		|			   | string)			  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?UTM	| UNTERMINATED MACRO	   | Incomplete command (PDI not  |
     |		|			   | empty at end of macro)	  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?WLO	| CANNOT WRITE OUT ERROR   | Write locked system device   |
     |		| MESSAGE OVERLAY	   |				  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?XAB	|			   | Execution aborted		  |
     |		|			   |				  |
     |	?YCA	| Y COMMAND ABORTED	   | Y (or .) command aborted	  |
						   _
     |		|			   | because data would be lost   |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------


		Add the following information about the DECtape Formatting
		and DECtape Copying Programs at the end of Chapter 2.

		DTFRMT
		This program records the required timing and mark tracks on
		a DECtape mounted on the TC01-TU55 unit or a TC08-TU56
		DECtape unit.

		The program interacts with you via the terminal to obtain
		the necessary data for each set of DECtapes to be formatted.

				      26


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	As soon as one set of tapes is formatted, the program is
     (cont.)	ready to format another set.

		Two full passes are required to completely format each
		DECtape, and up to eight DECtapes may be formatted at a
		time (assuming that the user has eight tape transports).
		Upon completion of a cycle, new tapes may be mounted and
		formatted as the last, with a minimum of operator-program
		communication.

		PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS

		Equipment
		PDP-8, terminal, TC01-TU55 DECtape Control.

		LOADING PROCEDURE

		Load the program into core using the standard Binary Loader.

		USING THE PROGRAM

		Starting Procedure

		a. Key 1000 into the SWITCH REGISTER. Depress LOAD ADDRESS
		   and depress START. "DTA?" is printed on the terminal.

		Mount the DECtapes to be marked onto the tape transports,
		with just enough turns of tape on the right hand reel of
		each transport to provide a grip. Make sure that no two
		tape units are set to the same unit number. Set the RDMK-
		WRTM-NORMAL switch located on the TC01 maintenance control
		panel to the WRTM position, for each transport to be used,
		set the WRITE ENABLED-WRITE LOCK switch to WRITE ENABLED,
		and the REMOTE-OFF-LOCAL switch to REMOTE.


		Operating Procedures
		The user types: R DTFRMT in response to the monitor dot (.).
		The program and operator now converse. The printout "DTA?"
		is asking which DECtape units will be used. The operator
		types a unit number or series of unit numbers,
		corresponding to the DECtape units upon which he has
		mounted tapes. For instance, if the operator has mounted
		tapes on units 2, 5, 7, and 8, he would type 2 5 7 8 (CR)
		(where (CR) signifies a carriage return). Spaces are
		ignored, so it makes no difference if the operator types
		spaces between the unit numbers. Only one specification of
		a unit is significant, i.e., typing 2 2 5 7 7 5 8 2 8
		(CR) has the same effect as typing 2 5 7 8 (CR).

		Once the operator has specified the units he wishes to use,
		the program types "DIRECT?". The operator responds by

				      27


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	typing MARK (CR) or MARK XXXX (CR). If he types MARK
     (cont.)	(CR) the program assumes 201(8) words, 2702(8) blocks
		(standard PDP-8 format). Otherwise, XXXX is accepted as a
		decimal number of words per block, and must be divisible by
		3. Note that typing MARK 384 (CR) will cause the program
		to generate a standard PDP-10 format DECtape (1102(8)
		blocks of 600(8) words, which is equivalent to 1102(8)
		blocks of 200(8) words, where each word is 36 bits rather
		than 12 bits).

		The program now types "XXXX WORDS, YYYY BLOCKS OK? (YES OR
		NO)." This serves as a final check for block count. XXXX
		and YYYY are octal values representing the final outcome of
		a formula solved by the program, determining the number of
		blocks that may be written on a DECtape knowing the number
		of words. If a NO (CR) answer is given, the program
		reverts to "DIRECT?". Otherwise (if YES (CR)) the tape on
		the first unit specified begins to move.

		Once all of the tapes specified have been marked, the
		printout "SET SWITCH TO NORMAL" appears. Then the operator
		returns the "RDMK-WRTM-NORMAL" switch to NORMAL, and
		strikes the (CR) key on the terminal, starting the second
		pass. Note that during the second pass with multiple
		DECtape units, as soon as one tape stops and the next tape
		starts, the first tape is completed and may be replaced
		with a fresh tape in preparation for recycling.

		The program continues by itself until completed, at which
		time the "DIRECT?" printout occurs. Typing "SAME (CR)"
		repeats the entire process with the original constants.
		The new DECtapes must be mounted and ready to write timing
		and mark tracks before "SAME (CR)" is typed. Also, in
		response to "DIRECT?", typing "RDR (CR)" causes the
		printout of the unit numbers of the DECtapes and the last
		twelve block numbers; "RDF (CR)" causes the printout of
		the unit numbers and the first twelve block numbers; and
		"RESTART (CR)" returns the program to "DTA?". Unit
		numbers are printed as "N000", where N is the unit number
		(0 means DECtape unit 8). Once formatting begins, control
		C will cause the program to restart at "DTA?". If the user
		wishes to return to the monitor another control C may be
		typed at this time.

		Following are several examples of successful operation. The
		underlined portions are printed by the program. ALL
		operator responses should be followed by a carriage return.

		a. Create a standard tape on unit 4.




				      28


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	    DTA? 4
		    ____
     (cont.)	    DIRECT? MARK
		    _______
		    0201 WORDS, 2702 BLOCKS.OK? YES OR NO
		    _____________________________________
		    YES
		    SET SWITCH TO NORMAL
		    ____________________
		    DIRECT?
		    _______

		b. Create 16 standard PDP-10 format tapes - eight at a time,
		   on units 1-8.

		    DTA? 12345678
		    ____
		    DIRECT? MARK 384
		    _______
		    0600 WORDS,1102 BLOCKS OK? YES OR NO
		    ____________________________________
		    YES
		    SET SWITCH TO NORMAL (USER TYPES (CR))
		    ____________________
		    DIRECT? SAME
		    _______
		    SET SWITCH TO NORMAL (USER TYPES (CR))
		    ____________________
		    DIRECT?
		    _______

		Errors

		    Errors Typed to "DTA?" and "DIRECT?" - Revert back to
		    "DTA?" or "DIRECT?"

		    Error Messages for Response to MARK XXXX-

		    NOT DECIMAL		A character in XXXX is not 0-9.
		    NOT DIVISIBLE BY 3  XXXX cannot be divided evenly by 3.
		    TOO MANY WORDS	The number of words plus 15 exceeds
					7777(8).
		    TOO MANY BLOCKS	The number of blocks generated by
					XXXX exceeds 7777(8).

		    Error Messages for Response to YES (After message -
		    revert back "DTA?")

		    SETUP?		Indicates an error in the DECtape
					setup -

					Unit in WRITE LOCK
					Nonselectable unit
					Switch not in WRTM position

		    Error Messages for Marking and Verifying a Tape

		    XXXX SHOULD BE YYYY BLK ERROR PHASE X
		    XXXX SHOULD BE YYYY DATA ERROR PHASE X
		    END TAPE ERROR PHASE X
		    MARK TRACK ERROR PHASE X
		    PARITY ERROR PHASE X
		    SELECT ERROR PHASE X
		    TIMING ERROR PHASE X

				      29


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	    LAST INT NOT END ZONE
     (cont.)
		Recovery
		Although error should cause doubt concerning the entire
		process, restarts may be made by phases (except when in
		phase 0). Restart the phase by typing "RETRY (CR)" Type
		"RESTART" to return to "DTA?"

		    PHASE 0:	MARK TRACK WRITE
		    PHASE 1:	WRITING LAST REVERSE BLOCK NUMBER FORWARD
		    PHASE 2:	WRITING BLOCK NUMBERS AND DATA IN REVERSE
		    PHASE 3:	READING AND CHECKING BLOCK NUMBERS AND DATA

		An error that should be considered catastrophic is LAST INT
		NOT END ZONE. This indicates that between the last (or
		first) block number and the end zone, something caused an
		interrupt (DTF).

		The entire program may be restarted at 1000(8) any time.

		DETAILS OF OPERATION AND STORAGE
		The program writes timing and mark tracks on a DECtape,
		then inserts block numbers and parity correct information,
		checking the results of all operations.

		The number of block frames to be written is a function of
		the number of words per block. The formula

				  212080
		blocks per tape = ------ + 2
				  NW+15

		where NW equals the number of words to be written, is used
		by the program to compute the number of blocks, but is
		adjusted by the program to provide the standard PDP-8
		format of 129 (12-bit) words, 1744 blocks, and standard
		PDP-10 format of 128 (36-bit) words, 578 blocks.

		Two full passes are required to mark and verify a tape.

		     Pass 1	  Marks the tape forward, inserts block
				  numbers and parity correct date in
				  reverse.

		     Pass 2	  Reads and checks block numbers and data
				  forward and reverse.

		During the forward direction of the first pass, the TC01 is
		switched into WRITE TIMING AND MARK TRACKS, CONTINUOUS MODE,
		FORWARD. The program manipulates data to be written by
		monitoring the word count register and the DTF, (DECtape
		flag). Initially, ten feet of end-zone code is written, and

				      30


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	abutting the end zone are about two standard block lengths
     (cont.)	of interblock sync. To the TC01, this interblock sync acts
		as no operation, but guarantees that at turn-around time,
		block 0 is read first (or 2701 if turning out of the
		forward end zone). Now the remainder of the tape is
		written creating block frames. The number of such frames is
		determined by the above formula. Upon completion of the
		block framing; another extended interblock sync zone is
		written as well as ten feet of end zone.

		Pass 1 forward is now complete (timing and mark tracks are 
		written).  The tape is ordered to MOVE in reverse for three 
		seconds, thus moving it out of the end zone and onto the 
		marked section.  The tape is once again moved forward, and 
		the last REVERSE BLOCK NUMBER is written until the forward 
		end zone is sensed.  Now the tape is turned out of the end 
		zone in SEARCH, and the program waits for a block 
		interrupt (first reverse block number).  When the DTF 
		rises, the TC01 is switched into WRITE ALL, CONTINUOUS, 
		REVERSE;  thus the system is synchronized and all block 
		numbers and data are written:  until the forward end zone 
		is sensed.  This completes the marking and blocking of the 
		tape.  Pass 2 in CONTINUOUS MODE checks the data and block 
		numbers to be certain they are correct.  When multiple 
		DECtape units are specified, Pass 1 forward is completed 
		for each tape before Pass 1 reverse is begun. 

		TDFRMT
		The TD8-E DECtape formatter program records the timing and 
		mark tracks on a DECtape mounted on the TU56 DECtape 
		transport.

		The program interacts with the operator via the terminal to 
		obtain the necessary data for each set of DECtapes to be 
		formatted.  As soon as one set of tapes is formatted, the 
		program is ready to format another set.

		Three full passes are required to completely format each 
		DECtape, and up to two DECtapes may be formatted at a time 
		(units 0 and 1).  Upon completion of a cycle, new tapes may 
		be mounted and formatted as the last, with a minimum of 
		operator-program communication.  One tape excluding tape 
		setup time, requires three minutes from start to finish.

		Mount the DECtapes to be marked onto the tape transports 
		with just enough turns of tape on the right hand reel of 
		each transport to provide a grip.  Make sure that no two
		tape units are set to the same unit number.  Set the switch 
		on the TD8-E to WTM position.  For each transport to be 
		used, set the WRITE-ENABLED-WRITE LOCK switch to WRITE 
		ENABLED, and the REMOTE-OFF-LOCAL switch to REMOTE.


				      31


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	OPERATING PROCEDURES
     (cont.)	The user types .R TDFRMT in response to the monitor dot (.).
		The program and operator now converse.  The printout 
		"UNIT?" is asking which DECtape units will be used. The 
		operator types one or two unit numbers corresponding to the 
		DECtape units upon which he has mounted tapes.  For 
		instance, if the operator has mounted tapes on units 0 and 
		1, he would type a 1.  Spaces are ignored, so it makes no 
		difference if the operator types spaces between the unit 
		numbers.  Only one specification of a unit is significant,
		i.e., typing 000111 has the same effect as typing 01.

		Once the operator has specified the unit(s) he wishes to 
		use, the program types "FORMAT?".  The operator responds by 
		typing MARK or MARK XXXX.  If he types MARK, the program 
		assumes 201 words 2702 blocks (standard PDP-8 format).  
		Otherwise XXXX is accepted as a decimal number of words per 
		block and must be divisible by 3.  Note that typing MARK 
		384 will cause the program to generate standard PDP-10 
		format DECtapes (1102(8) blocks of 600 words, which is 
		equivalent to 1102(8) blocks of 200 words where each word 
		is 36 bits rather than 12 bits).

		The program now types "XXXX WORDS, YYYY BLOCKS OK? (YES OR 
		NO)".  This serves as a final check for block count.  XXXX 
		and YYYY are octal values representing the final outcome of 
		a formula solved by the program, determining the number of 
		blocks that may be written on DECtape knowing the number of 
		words.  If a no answer is given, the program reverts to 
		"FORMAT?".  Otherwise (IF YES), the program types out "SET 
		SWITCH TO WTM".  Then the operator hits carriage return on 
		the teletype and the tape on first unit specified begins to
		move if the switch is set.

		Once all of the tapes specified have been marked, the 
		printout "SET SWITCH TO OFF" appears, then the operator 
		resets the WTM switch to off, and strikes the return key on 
		the terminal starting the second pass.  Note that during 
		the second pass with multiple DECtape units, as soon as one 
		tape stops and the next tape starts, the first tape is com-
		pleted and may be replaced with a fresh tape in preparation 
		for recycling.

		The program continues by itself until completed at which 
		time the "FORMAT" printout occurs.  Typing "SAME<" repeats 
		the entire process with the original constants. The new 
		DECtapes must be mounted and ready to write timing and mark 
		tracks before a carriage return is hit on the teletype 
		after the typing "SET SWITCH TO WTM".  Also, in response 
		to "DIRECT?", typing "RDR" causes the printout of the unit 
		number of the DECtape and the last 22 block numbers;  
		"RDF<" causes the printout of the unit number and the first 

				      32


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	22 block numbers;  and "RESTART<" returns the program to 
     (cont.)	"UNIT?". Unit numbers are printed as "000N" where N is the 
		unit number.

		Following are several examples of successful operation.  
		The underlined statements are printed by the program.  All 
		operator responses should be followed by a carriage return.

		a. create a standard PDP-8 tape on unit 1

		     UNIT?1
		     _____
		     FORMAT?MARK
		     _______
		     0201 WORDS, 2702 BLOCKS, OK? (YES OR NO)
		     ________________________________________
		     YES
		     SET SWITCH TO WTM
		     _________________
		     SET SWITCH TO OFF
		     _________________
		     FORMAT?
		     _______

		b. create 4 standard PDP-10 format tapes, two at a time on
		   units 0 1

		     UNIT?01
		     _____
		     FORMAT?MARK 384
		     _______
		     0201 WORDS, 2702 BLOCKS, OK? (YES OR NO)
		     ________________________________________
		     YES
		     SET SWITCH TO WTM
		     _________________
		     SET SWITCH TO OFF
		     _________________
		     FORMAT?SAME
		     _______
		     SET SWITCH TO WTM
		     _________________
		     SET SWITCH TO OFF
		     _________________
		     FORMAT?
		     _______


		ERRORS
		Errors typed to "UNIT" and "FORMAT" revert back to "UNIT?"
		or "FORMAT?".

		Error messages for response to MARK XXXX

		NOT DECIMAL		     A CHARACTER IN XXXX IS NOT 0-9
		NOT DIVISIBLE BY 3	     XXXX CANNOT BE DIVIDED EVENLY
					     BY 3
		TOO MANY WORDS		     THE NUMBER OF WORDS PLUS 15
					     EXCEEDS 7777(8).
		TOO MANY BLOCKS		     THE NUMBER OF BLOCKS GENERATED
					     BY XXXX EXCEEDS 7777(8).

		Error messages for response to "SET SWITCH TO WTM".





				      33


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	    1. SETUP?	        indicates an error in the DECtape
     (cont.)			        setup. One of the units specified 
				        is in write lock position, not 
				        selected, or the write flip-flop is
				        unable to be set, or there may be a 
					timing error. (After message revert 
					back to "UNIT".)

		    2. Switch not set to WTM or single line flag failed
		       to set. Set switch to WTM.

				        This type out says that either the
				        switch on the M868 modules is not 
					set to the WTM position or the 
					timing generator for writing the 
					mark and timing tracks is not 
					setting the single line flag.

		      RECOVERY:

				        If the switch was not set to WTM
				        position set the switch and hit
				        carriage return on the teletype.

				        If the switch was set to WTM 
					position and this type out 
					occurred, try again or examine the
					timing generator circuit.

		Error messages for marking and verifying a tape

		      PC  XXXX MARK TRACK ERROR PHASE Y
		      PC  XXXX BLOCK NUMBER ERROR PHASE Y
		      PC  XXXX DATA ERROR PHASE Y
		      PC  XXXX CHECKSUM ERROR PHASE Y
		      PC  XXXX TIMING ERROR PHASE Y
		      PC  XXXX WRITE ERROR PHASE Y

		XXXX equals the program counter at time of the failure. Y
		equals the pass which it was in.

		Although an error should cause doubt concerning the entire
		process, a restart may be made (except in phase 0) by
		typing "RETRY<'. Retry causes the program to go back to
		phase l, type "RESTART<'' to return to "UNIT?".

		      PHASE 0:	   WRITE TIMING AND MARK TRACK FORWARD
		      PHASE 1:	   READS MARK TRACK REVERSE
		      PHASE 2:	   WRITE DATA, FORWARD BLOCK AND REVERSE
				   BLOCK NUMBERS FORWARD AND WRITES THE
				   CHECKSUMS
		      PHASE 3:	   DISPLAYS BLOCK NUMBERS IN AC REVERSE

				      34


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	      PHASE 4:	   READS DATA, FORWARD BLOCK AND REVERSE
     (cont.)			   BLOCK NUMBERS FORWARD AND CALCULATES
				   THE CHECKSUM
		      PHASE 5:	   READS REVERSE BLOCK NUMBERS IN REVERSE

		The entire program may be restarted at 0200 any time.

		DETAILS OF OPERATION AND STORAGE
		The program writes timing and mark track on a DECtape
		forward with WTM switch set. Then it reads the mark track
		in the reverse direction with the switch set to off. The
		program checks all of the mark track once it is in sync.
		(see flow figure 1) when it finishes reading the mark track
		reverse, it bounces off the end zone and starts writing
		zeroes to the first block mark. The program is now in sync.
		The program now continues writing forward block numbers,
		reverse checksum, data, checksum, and reverse block numbers
		for the rest of tape. When it sees the end zone, it turns
		around and starts displaying the reverse block number in
		the accumulator until it hits the end zone again. Now the
		tape turns around and starts reading and comparing all
		forward block numbers, reverse checksum, all data, checksum
		and reverse block numbers that was written in Phase 2. This
		comparison is done on all blocks until the end zone is
		reached. The tape turns around in the end zone and starts
		looking for reverse block numbers and comparing them all the
		way down tape to the end zone. The formatting is now
		complete, the tape stops, and "FORMAT" is typed out waiting
		for new directions.

		The number of block frames to be written is a function of
		the number of words per block.

		The formula

		     BLOCKS PER TAPE [(212080)/(NW+15)] +2

		where NW equals the number of words to be written, is used
		by the program to compute the number of blocks, but is
		adjusted by the program to provide the standard PDP-8
		format of 129(10)(12-bit) words, 1474(10) blocks, and
		standard PDP-10 format of 128(10)(36-bit) words, 578(10)
		blocks.

		Theory

		The writing of the mark track is done through AC bits 0,3,6
		and 9. The following description is how the mark track is
		written.

		A. Install the tape with enough turns to create a pull. The
		   reverse end zone requires a sequence of three data words

				      35


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	   for its pattern.
     (cont.)
		     4044
		     0440
		     4404

		   In the mark track the words appear at 101101101101101
		   (5555(8)). The reverse end zone should cover about 10
		   feet of tape. Write the above three words 4096(10)
		   times.

		B. Write the below three words (see C) or expand code 99
		   times.
	
		C. Expand code, three words of expand code should
		   immediately follow each block,
	
		     0404
		     0404
		     0404

		   In the mark track the words appear as 010101010101
		   (2525(8)).

		D. The forward block mark and reverse guard require three
		   words.

		     0404
		     4004
		     4040
	
		   Which appear on the mark track as 010110011010 (2632(8)).

		E. The lock mark, reverse checksum, reverse final, reverse
		   prefinal consist of six PDP-8 memory words,
	
		     0040
		     0000
		     4000
		     0040
		     0000
		     4000

		   These words appear on the mark track as
		   001000001000001000001000 (10101010(8)).
	
		F. Mark track code for data is generated by

		     4440
		     0044
		     4000


				      36


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	   These three words appear as 111000111000(7070(8)) and
     (cont.)	   are repeated 41(10) times for a 129 word block.

		G. The prefinal, final, checksum, and reverse lock consist
		   of six PDP-8 words.

		     4440
		     4444
		     4044
		     4440
		     4444
		     4044

		   These words appear on the mark track as
		   111011111011111011111011 (73737373(8)).

		H. The guard and reverse block mark consist of three words

		     4040
		     0440
		     0404

		   which appear as 101001100101 (5145(8)).

		I. Generate 2702(8) block patterns. Repeat C through H.
		   2702(8) times.

     		J. 100 expand codes (see C).

		K. The end zone pattern consist of three words,

		     0400
		     4004
		     0040

		   which appears on the mark track as 010010010010
		   (2222(8)). Repeat these 3 words 4096(10) times. See
		   Figure 2 for a diagram of the mark track and data
		   tracks.


		DTCOPY
		The TC01, TC08, TU-55 Copy Program is controlled through a
		dialog on the terminal. The responses to the questions are
		in the form of octal numbers followed by a carriage return.
		Where more than one answer is required to a question, the
		answers are separated by semicolons. Alphabetic or other
		illegal characters will cause an error message to be
		generated and the question to be repeated. If too many
		digits are typed for the response expected, only the last
		ones typed will be used. If the response was to be either 0
		or 1 (YES or NO), a non-zero final digit will be assumed to

				      37


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	be 1.
     (cont.)
		Before answering the dialog's questions, the user must
		ensure that all the DECtapes involved are mounted on their
		respective drives. All the drives must be set to REMOTE.
		The input drive may be set to WRITE LOCK or WRITE ENABLE;
		all output drives must be set to WRITE ENABLE. No two
		drives may have the same unit number.

		The user types R DTCOPY in response to the monitor dot (.).
		The program types DECtape COPY V1OA.

		For each set of copies, the dialog is as follows (the
		user's response is underlined; (CR) means carriage return):

		     DECTAPE COPY V1OA
		     FROM UNIT 0
			       _

		     TO UNIT 2
			     _

		     FIRST BLOCK TO COPY (OCTAL) 0
						 _

		     FINAL BLOCK TO COPY (OCTAL) 700
						 ___

		     PDP-8 WORDS PER BLOCK 0201

		     VERIFY OUTPUT? (0=YES, 1=NO): 0
						   _

		When all specified copies have been finished, the tapes are
		rewound and the dialog	continues:

		     DONE
		     DECTAPE COPY V1OA
		     FROM UNIT

		The user may return to the monitor by typing CTRL/C at
		anytime. (Control characters are not echoed printed.)

		ERROR MESSAGES
	
		ILLEGAL RESPONSE      The user's response to the dialog was
				      not correct; for example, an
				      alphabetic character was typed or
				      carriage return was typed before an
				      octal number was given where one was
				      required. The question will be
				      restated and any previous answer
				      ignored. Nothing should be typed until
				      the terminal has stopped printing.

		SELECT ERROR UNIT n   During attempted data transfer, unit
				      n was not found. The program waits

				      38


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184			      for the user to correct the cause of
     (cont.)			      the error. The user should check to
				      see that:
					1. if unit n is an output drive, it
					   is set to WRITE ENABLE.
					2. unit n is set to REMOTE.
					3. there is only one unit n.
					4. all units are set to numbers
					   appropriate to their TD8E
					   internal wiring.
					When the cause of the error has
					been corrected, the user may type
					CTRL/R to resume transfer or he may
					type CTRL/S to restart the dialog.

		TAPE ERROR BLOCK x UNIT n
					During attempted transfer, a parity
					error or timing error was detected,
					or too great a block number was
					requested near block x on the tape
					on unit n. The tapes are rewound
					and the dialog is automatically
					restarted at DONE, REPEAT (YES=1,
					NO=0).

		VERIFY ERROR BLOCK x UNIT n
					The data on the input tape does not
					match the data which was written on
					block x of the output tape on unit
					n. The user may type CTRL/R to
					ignore the error and continue with
					the transfer, CTRL/T to try the
					last transfer again and continue if
					the error does not recur, or CTRL/S
					to restart the dialog.

		ILLEGAL FORMAT UNIT n
					Either the number of words per
					block on unit n does not agree with
					the number of words per block on
					the input unit or, when the number
					of blocks on the tape was calculated
					from the block length of the input
					tape, the length was found to be
					illegal. The number of blocks is
					only calculated if the whole tape
					copy option is requested. In either
					case, when the error has been
					corrected, the user may type CTRL/R
					to check the formats of all tapes
					again and continue, or CTRL/S to
					restart the dialog.

				      39


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	TDCOPY
     (cont.)	TD8E Copy is controlled through a dialog on the terminal.
		The response to the questions are in the form of octal
		numbers followed by a carriage return. Where more than one
		answer is required to a question, the answers are separated
		by semicolons. Alphabetic or other illegal characters will
		cause an error message to be generated and the question to
		be repeated. If too many digits are typed for the response
		expected, only the last ones typed will be used. If the
		response was to be either 0 or 1 (YES or NO), a non-zero
		final digit will be assumed to be 1.

		Before answering the dialog's questions, the user must
		ensure that all the DECtapes involved are mounted on their
		respective drives. All the drives must be set to REMOTE. The
		input drive may be set to WRITE LOCK or WRITE ENABLE; all
		output drives must be set to WRITE ENABLE. No two drives may
		have the same unit number.

		The user types R TDCOPY in response to the monitor dot(.).
		The program prints:

		     TD8E COPY V4A
		     HIGHEST FIELD AVAILABLE:

		The user response with the number of the highest field he
		wishes used for buffer space. This response may allow data
		to be preserved in any higher field or may make full use of
		the memory available. This question is asked only once,
		immediately after the program has been loaded. To change
		the response, the program must be executed again. If 4K of
		memory is to be used, the response is 0; if 8K, the
		response is 1, and so forth.

		For each set of copies, the dialog is as follows (the user's
		response is underlined; (CR) means carriage return):

			Dialog				Comments

		FROM UNIT: 0(CR)	     User may specify one unit
			   _____
					     number.

		TO UNITS: 1;2;3;4;5;6;7(CR)  User may specify up to 7 unit
			  _________________
					     numbers, separated by
					     semicolons.

		FIRST INPUT BLOCK: 100(CR)   User may supply any legal
				   _______
					     DECtape block number.

		FIRST OUTPUT BLOCK: 200(CR)  User may supply any legal
				    _______
					     DECtape block number.


				      40


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	NUMBER OF BLOCKS TO COPY: 50(CR)
					  ______
     (cont.)				     User may supply appropriate
					     number of blocks.

		VERIFY OUTPUT (YES=1, NO=0): 1(CR)
					     _____

		0201 12-BIT WORDS PER BLOCK  Determined by program from
					     tape on input unit.

		The block length of all the specified tapes is checked. If
		any are found to be different from the input tape, the
		ILLEGAL FORMAT UNIT n error message is generated.
	
		When all specified copies have been finished, the tapes are
		rewound and the dialog continues:

		     DONE

		     REPEAT (YES=1,NO=0):

		If there are more tapes to be copied with the same set of
		specifications, they should be placed on the drives before
		typing 1 to repeat the previous operation. If a different
		set of specifications is desired, 0 should be typed to
		restart the dialog.
	
		Occasionally a TD8E drive will not stop fast enough after
		the tapes have been rewound and the end of the tape will
		spin off the reel. If this should happen, the drive may be
		stopped manually by setting it to OFF and stopping the reel
		by hand. This will not affect the validity of the copy. If
		the dialog does not continue properly after one or more
		tapes have spun off, the program may be restarted.

		In response to any question in the dialog, the user may
		type either CTRL/S to restart the dialog at REPEAT (YES=1,
		NO=0) or CTRL/C to exit the monitor. Either CTRL/S or
		CTRL/C may also be typed during a small amount of further
		motion. If CTRL/S is typed during the dialog the response
		to the REPEAT question should be NO; this option is mainly
		for cases where a complete set of specifications is already
		available.

		(CTRL/ characters are typed by holding the CONTROL key
		down while typing the character. The procedure is similar
		to that used with the SHIFT key on a typewriter. CTRL/
		characters are not echoed (printed).)

		A special case of the dialog allows the entire input tape
		to be copied onto the output tape with a minimum of effort.
		This case eliminates the need to specify the starting block
		numbers and number of blocks to copy. In this case, the

				      41


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	answer to FIRST INPUT BLOCK: is only a carriage return. The
     (cont.)	shortened dialog will be as follows:

		     TD8E COPY
		     FROM UNIT: 0(CR)
				_____
		     TO UNITS: 1;2;3;4;5;6;7(CR)
			       _________________
		     FIRST INPUT BLOCK: (CR)
					____
		     VERIFY OUTPUT (YES=1, NO=0): 1(CR)
						  _____
		     0201 12-BIT WORDS PER BLOCK

		The preceding sample dialog will cause the entire tape on
		unit 0 to be copied onto the other 7 tapes and verified.

		ERROR MESSAGES

		ILLEGAL RESPONSE	The user's response to the dialog
					was not correct; for example, an
					alphabetic character was typed or
					carriage return was typed before
					an octal number was given where	one
					was required. The questions will be
					restated and any previous answer
					ignored. Nothing should be typed
					until the terminal has stopped
					printing.

		SELECT ERROR UNIT n	During attempted data transfer,
					unit n was not found. The program
					waits for the user to correct the
					cause of the error. The user should
					check to see that:

					   1. if unit n is an output drive,
					      it is set to WRITE ENABLE.
					   2. unit n is set to REMOTE.
					   3. there is only one unit n.
					   4. all units are set to numbers
					      appropriate to their TD8E
					      internal wiring.

					When the cause of the error has
					been corrected, the user may type
					CTRL/R to resume transfer or he may
					type CTRL/S to restart the dialog.

		TAPE ERROR BLOCK x UNIT n
					During attempted transfer, a parity
					error or timing error was detected,
					or too great a block number was
					requested near block x on the tape
					on unit n. The tapes are rewound
					and the dialog is automatically

				      42


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184				restarted at DONE, REPEAT (YES=1,
     (cont.)				NO=0).

		VERIFY ERROR BLOCK x UNIT n
					The data on the input tape does not
					match the data which was written on
					the block x of the output tape on
					unit n.

					The user may type CTRL/R to ignore
					the error and continue with the
					transfer, CTRL/T to try the last
					transfer again and continue if the
					error does not recur, or CTRL/S to
					restart the dialog.

		ILLEGAL FORMAT UNIT n
					Either the number of words per
					block on unit n does not agree with
					the number of words per block on
					the input unit or, when the number
					of blocks on the tape was calculated
					from the block length of the input
					tape, the length was found to be
					illegal. The number of blocks
					is only calculated if the whole
					tape copy option is requested. In
					either case, when the error has
					been corrected, the user may type
					CTRL/R to check the formats of all
					tapes again and continue, or CTRL/S
					to restart the dialog.

		DETAILS OF OPERATION

		After the answers to the dialog have been stored, the
		following procedure is used:

		     1. The number of words per block is determined from
			the input tape. All output tapes are checked to see
			if they have the same format as the input tape. If
			the shortened dialog option was used, the number of
			blocks on the tape is determined using the formula:

			# of blocks=(636,160/(words per block+17))+2 (octal)

			or

			# of blocks=(212,080/(words per block+15))+2 (decimal)




				      43


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     2-184	     2. The response to the VERIFY question is checked. The
     (cont.)		copying loop is set up to verify or not, as was
			requested.

		     3. The loop is entered which copies the input tape,
			using the same set of specifications for each
			output tape.

			a. The buffers are filled from the input tape.
			b. All output tapes are written with the contents
			   of the buffers.
			c. If verification was requested, a separate set of
			   buffers is filled from the output tape and the
			   two sets of buffers are compared. If there are
			   any discrepancies a VERIFY ERROR has occurred.
			d. If more blocks remain to be copied, the loop is
			   entered again.

		     4. When all the specified blocks have been copied onto
			the output tapes, all the tapes are rewound.

		     5. The REPEAT option is offered.

		The number of fields to be used for buffer space is
		determined immediately after loading. As soon as the
		question has been answered, it is removed from the program.

		If the output tape is to be verified, each available field,
		including that part of field 0 not occupied by the program,
		is divided in half. The lower half is used as the input and
		output buffer; the upper half is used for verification. The
		output tape is read back into the upper half and the two
		halves are compared. If they are not identical a VERIFY
		ERROR has occurred.



















				      44




								  CHAPTER 3

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES



     Page			    Addition/Correction

     3-29	End-Of-File paragraph should read:

		End-Of-File
		PAUSE signals the assembler to stop processing the file
		being read. A PAUSE should only be used at the physical end
		of a file and with two or more segments of one program.
		When a PAUSE statement is reached, the remainder of the
		file is ignored and processing continues with the next
		input file. In such a case PAUSE must be present or a PH
		error will occur. The PAUSE pseudo-op is present mainly for
		compatibility with paper tape assemblers, and its use is
		optional.


     3-30	After the TEXT string example change the words "IF option"
		to "/F option".

		The second sentence in the second paragraph under
		"Suppressing the Listing" should read "XLIST may also be
		used with expression as an argument; a listing will be
		inhibited if the expression is not equal to zero, or
		allowed if the expression is equal to zero".


     3-31	Insert the following example just before the section
		entitled "Controlling Binary Output":

		     IFZERO	A<
		     .
		     .
		     (code)
		     .
		     .
		     > ...



     3-41	Under "Memory Reference Instructions" change "JSM" to "JMS".








				      45




								  CHAPTER 5

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES



     Page			    Addition/Correction


     5-22	Add the following note on RALF assembly at the end of the
		page:

		"RALF code that includes forward reference to the base page
		should employ pseudo-ops # and ' as the first character of
		the symbol; this permits RALF to generate symbols that do
		not conflict with programmer-generated symbols that are
		also on the base page. The # pseudo-op can also be used
		following FPP memory reference instructions to indicate
		use of the 2-word form of the instruction. Likewise, the '
		pseudo-op indicates use of the single-word direct form of
		the instruction.

































				      46



							          CHAPTER 6

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-35	Randomize example (bottom of page) is incorrect.

		    1 PRINT "A"

		should be added as the first line.


     6-61	In the paragraph above the section entitled "File 
		Statements" change "PS/8" to "OS/8" and change the order 
		number of the manual to "DEC-S8-OSSMB-A-D".


     6-64	The last sentence in the first paragraph should read: the
		subsequent reading of numbers from the file in line number
		80 shows the use of a dummy argument (C) to compensate for
		the carriage return and line feed since they would otherwise
		be read as numeric data with a value of 0. Line 80 in the
		example should be: 80 INPUT #1:J,C.


     6-66	Add the following option designations (bottom of page):

		/C   In BCOMP, the /C option is used in conjunction with
		     the /K option to create a file that can be chained to
		     from a non-BASIC file. For example:

			.R BCOMP
		  	*EXAM.BA/C/K

		/V   In BCOMP, the /V option is used to obtain the current
		     version number of COMP, BLOAD, and BRTS. For example:

			.R BCOMP
			*EXAM.BA/V

		This causes the system to print at the console the current
		version numbers for BCOMP, BLOAD, and BRTS as part of the
		output of the file being compiled.


    6-69	Change the sentence preceding NOTES to:

		     In general, any departure from these procedures will
		     cause a CX error.

		Add the following to the List of CHAIN restrictions:

				      47


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-69	     3.  When chaining BASIC core image files, the program
     (cont.)		 being chained to must be on the system device.
			 This is a restriction of the USR CHAIN function.


     6-76	Under the title THE STRING ACCUMULATOR (SAC), and starting
		on line 4, delete the sentence:

		and the length of the string currently in the SAC is stored
		as a negative number in STRLEN.

		and insert the following:

		The SAC starts at location SAC in BRTS. The SAC is 80 words
		long and contains one 6-bit character per word. The length
		is stored as a negative number in SACLEN.


     6-83	In the middle of the page, delete:

		BRTS maintains links for FGET and FPUT on page 0 of field 0,
		providing convenient access to these frequently used
		routines.

			 Page 0
		       Link Name		 Routine Linked

			FGETL			   FFGET
			FPUTL			   FFPUT

     6-85	and insert the following:

		BRTS contains Page Zero literals used by the FGET and FPUT
		routines. These Page Zero literals can be found in the BRTS
		source listing. Page Zero literals reference the following
		routines. For more information on Page Zero literals, refer
		to the section on BRTS Subroutines.

		       Page Zero Link		 Routine

			  FNEGL			 FFNEG
			  FNORL			 FFNOR
			  FCLR			 FACCLR


		In the middle of the page under the title FLOATING POINT
		OPERATIONS, and in the second paragraph, delete:

		Page 0 links are maintained for negate, normalize, and
		clear.



				      48


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-85	      Page 0 Link 		 Routine
     (cont.)
			FNEGL 			 FFNEG
			FNORL 			 FFNOR
			FCLR 			 FACCLR

		At the bottom of the page before the title SUBROUTINE
		ARGPRE, insert the following:

		     Many routines are now addressed with Page Zero literals
		     that can be found in the BRTS source listing. Note that
		     explicit references to Page Zero pointers by name no
		     longer apply. The purpose is to shorten the size of the
		     BRTS symbol table.


     6-90	Towards the bottom half of the page, delete the section
		entitled SUBROUTINE BSW.


     6-108	In the example form for the CHAIN command (Table 6-1) the
		device and file name specification must be enclosed in
		quotation marks as follows:

		     CHAIN "dev:filename.ex"


     6-117	In Table 6-3 Run-Time Diagnostics after the CI diagnostic
		code, insert the following:

		CX Incompatible file extensions were used in BASIC CHAIN
		statement.


     6-118	At the bottom of the page following the first paragraph,
		delete the column entitled "Distributed on:"

		At the bottom of the page following the first paragraph,
		delete:

		     BASIC.BN   Binary for editor
		     BCOMP.BN   Compiler binary
		     BLOAD.BN   Loader binary
		     BRTS.BN    Run-time system binary (any PDP-8 or PDP-12)


     6-119	At the top of the page following BLOAD.SV, insert the
		following:

		     EABRTS.SV   KE8/EAE Version of Run-time System save
				 image


				      49


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-119	At the top of the page under the column entitled "Component"
     (cont.)	that describes BRTS.SV, delete:

		    (from BRTS.BN)

		In the middle of the page, delete:

		Making SAVE Images from Binary Files:
		To create SAVE images of each of the OS/8 BASIC binaries,
		perform the following OS/8 commands.

		and insert the following:

		Making SAVE Images from Binary Files:
		To create SAVE images for each of the OS/8 BASIC binaries,
		use the following BUILD procedure for OS/8 BASIC non-EAE.

		In the middle of the page delete:

		     1.  For the editor:

			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BASIC.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC;3011

		and insert the following:

		     1.  For the editor:
	
			  .PAL BASIC
			  .LOAD BASIC
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC;3211

		Towards the bottom of the page, delete:

		     2. For the compiler:

			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BCOMP.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BCOMP;7000

		and insert the following:

		     2. For the compiler:

			  .PAL BCOMP
			  .LOAD BCOMP
			  .SAVE SYS:BCOMP;7000


		at the bottom of the page, delete:


				      50


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-119	     3. For the loader:
     (cont.)
			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BLOAD.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BLOAD;7605

		and insert the following:

		      3. For the loader:

			  .PAL BLOAD
			  .LOAD BLOAD
			  .SAVE SYS:BLOAD;7605

		At the bottom of the page, delete:

		     4. For the run-time system:

			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BRTS BN$ (without KE8/E EAE option)
			     or
			  *DEV:BRTS.BN,DEV:EAEOVR.BN$
					   (PDP-8/E, PDP-8M or
					   PDP-8F with KE-8E EAE)

		and insert the following:

		     4. For the run-time system:

			  .PAL BRTS/W
			  .LOAD BRTS
			  .SAVE SYS:BRTS 0-6777;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.AF 3400-4577;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.SF 12000-13177;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.FF 13400-14577;7605

		Append the following at the end of the page

		Making SAVE Images from Binary Files:
		To create SAVE images of each of the OS/8 BASIC binaries,
		use the following BUILD procedure for OS/8 BASIC EAE.

		     1. For the editor:

			  .R PAL8
			  *DEV:BASIC.BN<DEV:BASIC.PA
			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BASIC.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC;3211

		     2. For the compiler:


				      51


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-119		  .R PAL8
     (cont.)		  *DEV:BCOMP.BN<DEV:BCOMP.PA
			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BCOMP.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BCOMP;7000

		     3. For the loader:

			  .R PAL8
			  *DEV:BLOAD.BN<DEV:BLOAD.PA
			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:BLOAD.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BLOAD;7605

		     4. For the run-time system:

			  .R PAL8
			  *DEV:EARBRTS.BN<TTY:,SYS:BRTS.PA/W
			     (pause)
			  EAE=1
			  ^Z
			     (pause)
			  ^Z
			  .R ABSLDR
			  *DEV:EABRTS.BN$
			  .SAVE SYS:BRTS 0-6777;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.AF 3400-4577;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.SF 12000-13177;7605
			  .SAVE SYS:BASIC.FF 13400-14577;7605


     6-120 	At the top of the page on lines 1,2,3, and 4, append the
		following:

		     ;7605

		In the middle of the page under the column entitled "Name",
		delete all the .03 extensions and replace them with the
		following extension:

		     .PA

		In the middle of the page, following "The OS/8 BASIC
		sources are named as follows": delete "NAME.MM" and the
		sentence "where MM represents the version number."

		At the bottom half of the page change the .03 extensions on
		the input files to .PA.





				      52


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     6-121	At the top of the page, delete:

		To assemble for PDP-12, PDP-8, PDP-8/I or PDP-8/L, or
		PDP-8E without EAE, create a source file named NOEAE.PA
		with EDIT that works as follows:

		     EAE=0
		     PAUSE

		Then

		     .R PAL8
		     *DEV:BRTS.BN<DEV:NOEAE,DEV:BRTS.03/K

		To assemble the run-time system overlay for PDP-8E, PDP-8F
		or PDP-8/M with KE-8/E EAE option, prepare a file called
		EAE.PA that looks as follows:

		     EAE=1
		     PDP8E=1
		     PAUSE

		Then:

		     .R PAL8
		     *DEV:EAEOVR.BN<DEV:EAE,DEV:BRTS.03/K

		and insert the following:

		To assemble for PDP-12, PDP-8, PDP-8/I or PDP-8/L, or
		PDP-8E without EAE, type the following command:

		     .R PAL8
		     *DEV:BRTS.BN<DEV:BRTS.PA/W

		In the example command lines for PILLOW, change the
		extensions ".03" to ".PA".


     6-126	In the list of addresses, change "01566/**** 3541" to
		"01566/**** 3542" and change "01567 /**** 3521"
		to "01567 /**** 3522".


     6-127	In command line 11 (top of page), change "ADH(N)" to
		"ADC(N)".







				      53





								  CHAPTER 7

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     7-1	After "Calling and Using the OS/8 FORTRAN Compiler", insert
		the following:

		Before calling the FORTRAN compiler, make sure that LIB8.RL
		is on the system device.


     7-13	In the paragraph "Zero raised to a power..." change the
		sentence "A negative number..." to read as follows:

		A negative number raised to a floating point power causes
		an error message and uses the absolute value; calculation
		continues.


     7-18	Change the example of an implied DO LOOP from
		"WRITE (1,100)I,(A(J,I)J=1,3)" to
		"WRITE (1,100)I,(A(J,I),J=1,3)".


     7-44	In the section on "DECTAPE I/O ROUTINES", add a note that
		the RTAPE and WTAPE are for TC08 DECtapes only.























				      54





								  CHAPTER 8

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES


     Page			    Addition/Correction



     8-10	In the paragraph after the example command line, change
		"(terminated by a carriage return)" to "(terminated by a
		carriage return or altmode)".


     8-29	Add the following to Table 8-6:

		EX   The symbol is referenced but not defined.

		ME   Multiple Entry. The symbol is multiply defined.

		MS   Multiple Section. A section is multiply defined.

		*    The symbol is referenced illegally. Generally this
		     symbol is an overlay and is either referenced as data
		     from another overlay (only CALL references are allowed)
		     or called from the same or a higher-number overlay
		     level, violating the overlay rules defined on page 8-22.


     8-37	Add the following restriction to the first paragraph
		(concerning error traceback):

		When a statement is reached through any form of GOTO, the
		line number for error traceback is not reset. Thus, an
		error in such a line will give the number of the last
		executed line in the error traceback.


     8-62	In the section "NCHANL =", change "(8 images)" to
		"(FUNCTN=8)".


     8-66	In the example FORTRAN IV Coding Form, change "TYPE 105,I"
		to "WRITE (4,105)I".


     8-80	In the second paragraph, change "An integer variable which
		... " to "A variable that ...".


     8-81	Change the first two lines of the section "Computed GO TO
		Statement" to read:

				      55


     Page			    Addition/Correction

     8-81	Form GO TO(nl,n2,...., nK),e
     (cont.)
     		     A comma must follow the right parenthesis.


     8-83	Add the following information to the section entitled
		"Arithmetic IF Statement":

		Logical expressions may be used in an arithmetic IF
		statement. In such a case, the logical expression is first
		converted to an integer.


     8-88	At the top of the page in the section on PAUSE STATEMENT,
		under Effect, change the second sentence as follows:

		Execution is suspended until the user types a character on
		the console.


     8-91	Change	"FORMAT (F7.2,3(12,2(13,E9.3)17))" to
			"FORMAT (F7.2,3(I2,2(13,E9.3),17))"


     8-98	In the last example on the page, note that the first
		character output after the colon is a "space".


     8-100	Lower third of page, change "Where a is an integer constant
		or variable name that is ..." to "Where a is an integer
		constant or integer variable..".


     8-106	In the first full paragraph, which begins "A direct access
		WRITE statement ...", add the following sentence before the
		words "For example:": "This means minimum record size is
		one block."

		In the first example, change "WRITE(8)X" to "WRITE(6)X".


     8-107	Change all references (under FORTRAN) to the maximum size
		of ARRAYS from "4096" to "4095".


     8-112	Under the section entitled "THE DATA STATEMENT", change
		"DATA var list1/val list1/var list2/val list2/, ..." to
		"DATA var list1/val list1/,var list2/val list2/, ...".


		Change the second paragraph from the bottom to read:



				      56


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     8-112	Elements in the variable list may be either single
     (cont.)	subscripted or unsubscripted variables, or the name of an
		entire array.


     8-113	Change example line "DATA A(1),A(2),A(3),/3*0./" to
		"DATA A(1),A(2),A(3)/3*0./"


     8-125	The middle paragraph, which begins "PDP-12 users ..."
		should be changed to begin "PDP-8 and PDP-12 users ...".


     8-127	In the example at the top of the page, after "LVL OVLY
		LENGTH", change "0 00 10270" to "0 00 10371 ".


     8-129	After the second sentence, insert the following:

		A minimum of 12K of memory is required for the plotting
		routines.


     8-138	In the description for "L" under the subject CALL PSCALE
		(A,L,N,I), change "greater than or equal to 1" to:

		      ... greater than or equal to 2.


























				      57




							     APPENDICES E-H

						      ADDITIONS AND CHANGES


     Page			    Addition/Correction



     E-10	Insert the following message after the CORE? message:

		     CX BCOMP    Incompatible file extensions were used in
				 BASIC CHAIN statement.


     E-31	After the error message "SL" add the following:

		     ?SLOTS BUILD    More than 8 groups of non-system
				     handlers have been inserted.


     F-1	Add the following to the table:

		.CM Indirect file used by CCL.


     G-4	Insert the following sentence at the end of the paragraph
		in the section entitled "MAGNETIC TAPE".

		Normal use of magnetic tape by OS/8 V3 involves reading and
		writing records of 128 words.

		At the end of page, insert the following information:

		     NULL HANDLER

		The NULL handler is included in the source of RF, the
		nonsystem RF08 handler, only because there was extra room
		there. It has nothing to do with RF08's. These handlers
		share space since there is a limitation on the number of
		handler slots available in OS/8. NULL is very useful when
		debugging a program with voluminous output which you do not
		need. On output, NULL ignores data sent to it. On input,
		NULL returns an immediate end-of-file.



     H-1	In the table under program, change "POTP" to "FOTP".






				      58


     Page			    Addition/Correction


     H-2	Add to the table:

		     HANDLERS   Run RESORC with the /E option.

		     BCOMP 	/V to .R BCOMP

		     BLOAD 	/V to .R BCOMP

		     BRTS 	/V to .R BCOMP












































				      59




								 APPENDIX I

							     RXCOPY PROGRAM

     The RXCOPY program is used to copy or transfer the entire contents and
     system head of one RX floppy disk to another RX floppy disk. This
     program can be used only with RX permanent device names or a user
     defined name that has been assigned to an RX device. Specification of
     filenames in the I/0 specification line results in an error message
     and, therefore, is not permitted.

     The following command and I/0 specification line will load and run
     RXCOPY under OS/8:

	  .R RXCOPY
	  _
	  *output dev:<input dev:/options
	  _

     Example:

	  .R RXCOPY
	  _
	  *RXA1:<SYS:
	  _

     When RXCOPY is loaded and the I/O specification line is entered at the
     keyboard, the input device is copied to the output device on a sector
     by sector basis. When the operation is complete, the Monitor dot is
     printed on the screen and the specified output device becomes an exact
     duplicate of the input device.

     Table I-1 lists the options available for use with the RXCOPY program.
     These options modify the RXCOPY operation.


			   Table 1-1  RXCOPY Options
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |  Option  |			Meaning				  |
     |----------|---------------------------------------------------------|
     |	  /P	| Pause and wait for user response before and after 	  |
     |		| execution of RXCOPY program.				  |
     |----------|---------------------------------------------------------|
     |	  /N	| Copy the contents of one device to another but don't 	  |
     |		| check them for identical contents unless otherwise 	  |
     |		| specified.						  |
     |----------|---------------------------------------------------------|
     |	  /M	| Check both devices for identical contents and list the  |
     |		| tracks and sectors that do not match but do not perform |
     |		| a transfer unless otherwise specified.		  |
     |----------|---------------------------------------------------------|
     |	  /R	| Read every block on the specified device and list the   |
     |		| bad tracks and sectors but do not perform a transfer 	  |
     |		| unless otherwise specified.				  |
     |----------|---------------------------------------------------------|
     |	  /V	| Print the current version number of the RXCOPY program. |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

				      60


     If no options are specified, RXCOPY assumes both the /N and /M
     options.

     If an error occurs during the execution of RXCOPY, the current job is
     aborted and control returns to the Monitor.

     Table I-2 lists the RXCOPY error messages and their meanings.


		       Table I-2  RXCOPY Error Messages
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |     Message       |		     Meaning			  |
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | NO INPUT DEVICE	 | No input device is specified.
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | CAN'T LOAD INPUT  | The name of the input device specified in the
     | DEVICE 		 | command line is not a permanent device name.
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | CAN'T LOAD OUTPUT | The name of the output device specified in the |
     | DEVICE		 | command line is not a permanent device name.   |
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | COMPARE ERROR	 | When using the /M option all the areas that do |
     |			 | not match are printed as COMPARE ERRORS. Since |
     |			 | this is an non-fatal error, the RXCOPY 	  |
     |			 | operation continues.				  |
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | INPUT DEVICE READ | Bad input, bad tracks or sectors. Since this   |
     | ERROR		 | is an non-fatal error, the RXCOPY operation 	  |
     |			 | continues.					  |
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|	
     | OUTPUT DEVICE 	 | Bad data on output device, tracks and sectors  |
     | READ ERROR	 | bad. Since this is an non-fatal error, the 	  |
     |			 | RXCOPY operation continues.			  |
     |-------------------|------------------------------------------------|
     | OUTPUT DEVICE 	 | Fatal output error. Since this is an non-fatal |
     | WRITE ERROR	 | error, the RXCOPY operation continues.	  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------



















				      61




								 APPENDIX J

								SET PROGRAM


     The SET program permits the operating characteristics of OS/8 to be
     modified, according to the attributes that are specified. The SET
     program is used to make frequently-required standard changes to system
     programs, especially I/O handlers. These changes are identified by
     specifying certain attributes in the SET command string which has the
     following format:

	  .R SET
	  _
	  #SET device [NO] attribute [argument]
	  _

     where:

	  SET		is the operation to be performed.

	  device	indicates the handler of the device you want
			modified.

	  [NO]		indicates that the attribute specified does not
			apply. [NO] cannot be used with every attribute.

	  attribute	is the characteristic to be modified. (See Table
			J-1.)

	  [argument]	is an optional parameter that the user must supply
			for certain SET commands. SET error messages are
			listed in Table J-2.


		       Table J-1  SET Command Attributes
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     |	 TTY	| Card   | Mag Tape |    SYS	 |  LPT    |  Any Device  |
     |		| Reader |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     |----------|--------|----------|------------|---------|--------------|
     | ARROW	| CODE n | PARITY x | INIT xxxxx | LA78    | FILES	  |
     | CODE n	|	 | FILES    | OS8	 | LA8A    | DVCODE	  |
     | COL n	|	 |	    | OS78	 | LC	   | LOCATION n=m |
     | ECHO	|	 |	    | 		 | LV8E    | READONLY	  |
     | ESCAPE	|	 |	    | 		 | WIDTH n | VERSION x	  |
     | FILL	|	 |	    |		 |	   | BLOCK b	  |
     | FLAG	|	 |	    |		 | 	   | 		  |
     | HEIGHT m |	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | LC	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | PAGE	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | PAUSE n	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | SCOPE	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | TAB	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     | WIDTH n	|	 |	    |		 |	   |		  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

				      62


			 Table J-2  SET Error Messages
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     | ? SYNTAX ERROR							  |
     |	    Incorrect format used in SET command or NO specified when not |
     |	    allowed.							  |
     |									  |
     | ? UNKNOWN ATTRIBUTE FOR DEVICE dev				  |
     |	    An illegal attribute was specified for the given device.	  |
     |									  |
     | ? CAN'T - DEVICE IS RESIDENT					  |
     |	    No modifications are allowed to the system handler.		  |
     |									  |
     | ? CAN'T - OBSOLETE HANDLER					  |
     |	    The handler has an old version number.			  |
     |									  |
     | ? CAN'T - UNKNOWN VERSION OF THIS HANDLER			  |
     |	    The version of the handler is not one recognized, possibly 	  |
     |	    because it is a newer version.				  |
     |									  |
     | ? ILLEGAL WIDTH							  |
     |	    A width of 0 or a width too large was specified, or for the   |
     |	    TTY, a width of 128 or one not a multiple of 8 was specified. |
     |									  |
     | ? NUMBER TOO BIG							  |
     |	    The number specified was out of range.			  |
     |									  |
     | ? CAN'T - DEVICE DOESN'T EXIST					  |
     |	    A nonexistent device was referenced.			  |
     |									  |
     | ? I/O ERROR ON SYS:						  |
     ----------------------------------------------------------------------


     J.1  TERMINAL ATTRIBUTES


     J.1.1  Arrow
     Specifying this attribute causes each control character typed by the
     KL8E handler to be printed in the form:

	   ^x

     where:

	   ^	indicates that a control character is being typed, and
	   x	specifies which control character is being typed (100+code
		for control character).

     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] ARROW
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY ARROW
	   _

				      63


     If a CTRL/E character is typed, by the KL8E handler, an ^E is printed
     on the terminal. Note that ARROW is the default.

     Using this attribute with the NO modifier causes each control
     character typed by the KL8E handler to print with no modification.

     Example:

	  .SET TTY NO ARROW
	  _

     Now if a CTRL/E character is typed by the KL8E handler, it will
     actually send a CTRL/E (ASCII code 5) to the terminal. The result is
     that no character is printed.

				     NOTE
	      On some terminals, the arrow (^) is replaced by the
	      circumflex (^).


     J.1.2  CODE n
     where n is an octal number in the range

	   1 <= n <= 77

     This command changes the internal IOT code for keyboard to n. The
     internal device code for the teleprinter is set to n+1. For example,
     if you have a VT05 hooked to your system with device codes of 40 and
     41, you would say SET TTY CODE 40. The NO restriction is not permitted.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY CODE=3
	   _


     J.1.3  COLumn n
     Specifying this attribute changes the default number of columns used
     to print the directory (using the DIRECT command) to the decimal
     number you specify as n. The initial default number of columns is
     equal to one and the decimal number you specify should be in the range
     of 1-7.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY COL n
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY COL 3
	   _

     Note that specification of this attribute does not actually change the
     behavior of the KL8E handler. Also, the NO modifier is not permitted
     to be used with this attribute.




				      64


     J.1.4  ECHO
     Specifying this attribute causes all TTY characters typed at the
     keyboard as input or received on the terminal as output to be printed.
     Specification of this attribute affects the KL8E handler only and not
     character echoing by the keyboard monitor.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] ECHO
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY ECHO
	   _


     If it is desired that no character echoing take place, use the NO
     modifier in the command line. By specifying the NO modifier, all TTY
     characters on input or output are not printed and do not appear on the
     terminal screen.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO ECHO
	   _


     J.1.5  ESCape
     Specifying this attribute causes the escape character (ASCII code 33)
     to print as a control character (see also ARROW attribute).

     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] ESC
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY ESC
	   _

     Specifying the NO modifier, in the command line, causes escape to
     print as a dollar sign ($).

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO ESC
	   _

     Escapes can also be affected by the ARROW attribute. Specifying NO
     ARROW causes escapes to be sent to the terminal with no modification.
     This is useful for sending escape sequences to CRT terminal.


     J.1.6  FILL
     Specifying this attribute causes two fill characters to be typed
     following a tab. This attribute should only be used in conjunction
     with the TAB attribute.



				      65


     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] FILL
	   _

     To remove these fill characters, use the NO modifier in the command
     line.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO FILL
	   _


     J.1.7  FLAG
     Specifying this attribute causes the handler to flag lower case
     characters on output by printing them as upper case characters
     preceded by a quote.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] FLAG
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY FLAG
	   _

     If it is desired to remove the quote preceding upper case characters,
     use the NO modifier in the command line.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO FLAG
	   _


     J.1.8  HEIGHT m
     Specifying this attribute changes the number of lines that are printed
     on the terminal between pauses. Twenty-four lines is the default value
     of m.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY HEIGHT m
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY HEIGHT 12
	   _

     This attribute has no meaning unless the PAUSE attribute is also
     specified.


     J.1.9  LC
     Specifying this attribute causes the KL8E handler to accept lower case
     characters on input.



				      66


     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] LC
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY LC
	   _

     Specifying the NO modifier in the command line causes lower case
     characters on input to be converted to upper case.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO LC
	   _


     J.1.10  PAGE
     Specifying this attribute adds both the CTRL/S and CTRL/Q features to
     the keyboard monitor.

     Format and example:

	   .SET TTY PAGE
	   _

     When used with the NO modifier, this attribute removes the CTRL/S and
     CTRL/Q features.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO PAGE
	   _

     For more detailed information on the control characters, see the OS/8
     Handbook.

     J.1.11  PAUSE n
		   _
     Specifying this attribute sets the pause time between terminal output
     frames to the decimal number you specify as n. The exact time depends
     on the cycle time of your machine.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY PAUSE
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY PAUSE 5
	   _

     If it is desired that no pause takes place, specify the NO modifier in
     the command line or specify zero as n.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO PAUSE
	   _
     or
	   .SET TTY PAUSE 0
	   _

				      67


     J.1.12  SCOPE
     Specifying this attribute causes characters that are erased via the
     rubout or delete key by the KL8E handler, key board monitor, and
     command decoder to physically disappear from the CRT screen. This
     attribute should not be specified if you do not have a CRT.

     Format and Example:

	   .SET TTY SCOPE
	   _


     J.1.13  TAB
     Specifying this attribute causes the handler to print real tabs (ASCII
     code 211). This can only be used if your handler has the TAB feature.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY [NO] TAB
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY TAB
	   _

     If your handler does not have the TAB feature, use the NO modifier in
     the command line. By specifying the NO modifier, all tabs are
     simulated as spaces.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO TAB
	   _


     J.1.14  WIDTH n
		   _
     Specifying this attribute changes the width of the terminal to the
     decimal number you specify as n. The decimal number you specify should
     be a multiple of eight and in the range of 1-255. However, n must not
     be 128. If your TTY handler does not have the tab feature, the width
     you specified in the command line may not be your final result. The NO
     modifier is not permitted to be used with this attribute. Placing an
     equal sign (=) between the attribute and the decimal number you
     specify is optional.

     Format:

	   .SET TTY WIDTH n
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY WIDTH 64
	   _



     J.2  CARD READER ATTRIBUTES



				      68


     J.2.1  CODE n
     Specifying this attribute causes the card reader to use the card code
     you specify.

     Format:

	   .SET CDR CODE n
	   _

     where:

	   n is a decimal number having a value of either 026 or 029.

     Example:

	   .SET CDR CODE 026
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.


     J.3  MAGNETIC TAPE ATTRIBUTES

     J.3.1  PARITY x
	  	   _
     Specifying this attribute causes the parity check to be either even or
     odd.

     Format:

	   .SET MTxx:PARITY x
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET MTA0:PARITY EVEN
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.


     J.3.2  FILES
     Specifying this attribute causes the handler not to issue an automatic
     rewind when referencing block 0.

     Format:

	   .SET MTxx [NO] FILES
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET MTA1:FILE

     If it is desired that the automatic rewind take place when block 0 is
     referenced, use the NO modifier in the command line.

     Example:

	   .SET MTA0:NO FILES
	   _


				      69


     J.4  SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES

     J.4.1  INITIAL xxxxx
     Specifying this attribute causes the system device to execute the
     command you specify as when the system is boot strapped. This command
     can contain a maximum of five characters excluding a RETURN key.

     Format:

	   .SET device INIT xxxxx
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET SYS INIT HELP
	   _

     If xxxxx is not specified, @INIT is assumed, and causes the system to
     execute the command in the file INIT.CM when bootstrapped. Note that
     the INIT.CM file must be created prior to bootstrapping.

     If it is desired that no special commands be executed at system
     bootstrap, use the NO modifier in the command line. By specifying the
     NO modifier, the system prints the monitor dot immediately after
     bootstrapping.

     Example:

	   .SET SYS NO INIT
	   _

     If an initial command is specified and the system is bootstrapped,
     anything previously in memory is destroyed.


     J.4.2  OS8
     Specifying this attribute modifies the system handler to be OS/8.

     Format and example:

	   .SET SYS OS8
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.


     J.4.3  OS78
     Specifying this attribute modifies the system handler to be OS/78.

     Format and example:

	   .SET SYS OS78
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.






				      70


     J.5  LINE PRINTER ATTRIBUTES

     J.5.1  LA78
     Specifying this attribute modifies the LPSV handler to handle an LA78
     line printer.

     Format and example:

	   .SET LPT LA78
	   _


     J.5.2  LA8A
     Specifying this attribute restores the LPSV handler to its original
     state.

     Format and example:

	   .SET LPT LA8A
	   _


     J.5.3  LC
     Specifying this attribute causes the handler to print lower case
     characters. This attribute must only be used with line printers that
     have the physical ability to print lower case characters.

     Format:

	   .SET LPT: [NO] LC
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET LPT: LC
	   _

     Specifying the NO modifier in the command line converts lower case
     characters to upper case prior to printing.

     Example:

	   .SET LPT: NO LC
	   _


     J.5.4  LV8E
     Specifying this attribute modifies the LPSV handler to work on an LV8E
     line printer.

     Format:

	   .SET LPT: [NO] LV8E
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET LPT: LV8E
	   _

     By specifying the NO modifier in the command line, this will work on
     an LP08 and LS8E line printer.

				      71


     Example:

	   .SET LPT: NO LV8E
	   _


     J.5.5  WIDTH n
     Specifying this attribute sets the width of the line printer to the
     decimal number you specify as n.

     Format:

	   .SET LPT WIDTH n
	   _

     where:

	   n is a decimal number in the range of 1-256

     Example:

	   .SET LPT WIDTH 80
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.


     1.6  ANY DEVICE ATTRIBUTES

     1.6.1  FILES
     Specifying this attribute causes the handler to handle a file-
     structured device.

     Format:

	   .SET device [NO] FILES
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET MTA0: FILES
	   _

     If it is desired that the handler handle non-file structured devices,
     use the NO modifier in the command line.

     Example:

	   .SET DTA1: NO FILES
	   _

				     NOTE
	   This attribute remains in effect until the next time you
	   bootstrap, at which time the original status is restored.


     J.6.2  DVCode nn
     Specifying this attribute sets the IOT device code used by the handler
     to the decimal number you specify as nn. This number should be in the
     range of 30-77.


				      72


     Format:

	   .SET device DVC nn
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET RXA0 DVC 64
	   _

     This example could be used if your diskettes were hooked up to the
     non-standard device code of 64. Note that the NO modifier is not
     permitted with this attribute.


     J.6.3  LOCation n=m or LOCation n
     Specifying the first argument changes the contents of the location in
     the handler you specify as n to contain the value you specify as m.
     Both n and m are octal numbers.

     where:

	  n	is an octal number and must be in the range of 0-177 for
		one-page handlers and in the range of 0-377 for two-page
		handlers.
	  m	is an octal number and must be in the range of 0-7777.

     Format:

	   .SET device LOC n=m
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET LPT LOC 37-1234
	   _

     Specifying the second argument causes the system to print the current
     contents of the location in the handler you specify as n. This is then
     followed by a slash. The user can now enter a new value in that
     location by typing that value followed by a carriage return. If it is
     desired to leave the contents of that location unchanged, the user
     just types a carriage return.

     Format:

	   .SET device LOC n
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET PTP LOC 144
	   _


     1.6.4  READOnly
     Specifying this attribute causes the device specified to become a
     read-only device. Therefore, any output sent to this device causes an
     error message informing you that the output device is a read-only
     device.


				      73


     Format:

	   .SET device [NO] READO
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TTY READO
	   _

     To remove the READONLY attribute, use the NO modifier in the command
     line.

     Example:

	   .SET TTY NO READO
	   _

				     NOTE
	      The READONLY attribute remains in effect only until
	      the next time you bootstrap, at which time its original
	      status is restored.


     J.6.5 VERSION x
		   _
     Specifying this attribute changes the version number of the handler to
     the letter you specify as x.

     Format:

	   .SET device VERSION x
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET TV: VERSION G
	   _

     Note that the NO modifier is not permitted with this attribute.


     J.6.6  BLOCK b, LOCation n=m or BLOCK b, LOC n
     Specifying the first attribute changes the contents of the location in
     the handler you specify as n that is located in the block you specify
     as b. The contents of that relative location is changed to the value
     you specify as m.

     where:

	  b	is an octal number
	  n	is an octal number and must be in the range of 0-177 for
		one-page handlers and in the range of 0-377 for two-page
		handlers
	  m	is an octal number and must be in the range of 0-7777.

     Format:

	   .SET device LOC n=m
	   _



				      74


     Example:

	   .SET RKB1 LOC 10=2420
	   _

     Specifying the second attribute causes the system to print the current
     contents of the location in the handler you specify as n that is
     located in the block you specify as b. This is then followed by a
     slash. The user can now enter a new value in that location by typing
     that value followed by a carriage return. If it is desired to leave
     the contents of that location unchanged, the user types a carriage
     return.

     Format:

	   .SET device LOC n
	   _

     Example:

	   .SET LPT LOC 175
	   _





































				      75




								 APPENDIX K

								      FUTIL
						  OS/8 FILE UTILITY PROGRAM


     FUTIL was originally developed by Jim Crapuchettes of Menlo Computer
     Associates, Inc., Menlo Park, CA. It is now included within the OS/8
     Extension Kit for the convenience of PDP-8 users.


     K.1  INTRODUCTION


     K.1.1  Description
     FUTIL enables a user to examine and modify the contents of mass
     storage devices. It is the only program currently available that can
     be used to patch programs containing overlays (F4/LOAD outputs). Other
     possible uses include examination and repair of OS/8 directories; bad
     block checking and correction; decimal/octal conversion of double
     precision numbers; output of the Core Control Block (CCB) of ".SV"
     files and the HEADER of ".LD" files; and the creation of special
     directories. Supporting these functions is signed double-precision
     arithmetic expression evaluation that can be used in the command
     syntax whenever a numeric value is needed.

     FUTIL's command set is divided into two groups of commands. The first
     group uses single letters to direct the program in the examination and
     modification of single words on the device specified. The second group
     of commands uses command words to direct the program in the dumping,
     listing, modifying and searching of the device on a block-by-block
     basis. Also included in this group is a series of commands to direct
     the program in some auxiliary functions including setting and
     resetting switches and variables within the program, showing current
     FUTIL parameters.

     Several examples are given in Section K.4. The first two examples,
     especially, are simple and well-documented to acquaint you with the
     features of FUTIL. You may want to look at them at this point to get a
     better understanding of the material that follows.


     K.1.2  Special Characters Used in This Appendix
     To help increase clarity, the characters single quote ('), double
     quote ("), angle brackets (< and >) and square brackets ([ and ])
     have been used to help separate special items from the words around
     them. The single quote character is used to surround a word-type
     command; for example, the 'FORMAT' option 'SET's up the format in
     which output is to be done. The double quote is used to surround an
     item whose actual name is being used; for example, the "RETURN" key is
     the key on the Teletype that has that word printed on it. The angle
     brackets are used to surround the name of a type of item (a syntactical
     type); for example, "<n>" means that a NUMERIC ITEM is to be used. The

				      76


     square brackets are used to surround optional items; for example,
     "w[ord] " would indicate that the characters "ord" may be supplied
     optionally.


     K.1.3  Special Characters Used in FUTIL
     Several characters, when keyed, cause immediate action from the
     program. Typing either CTRL/P (which prints "^P") or CTRL/C (which
     prints "^C") will immediately cause the program to stop whatever it is
     doing. CTRL/P then causes the program to go back to command input mode
     and wait for you, while CTRL/C calls the OS/8 Monitor (as it does with
     most system programs). CTRL/S and CTRL/Q control program execution
     (including all I/O). Typing CTRL/S at any time will cause the program
     to pause and wait for either CTRL/C, CTRL/P or CTRL/Q. Typing CTRL/Q
     will then allow program execution to resume. Any other characters
     entered at this point will be simply ignored. If a CTRL/Q is typed by
     itself at any time, it is simply ignored.

				     NOTE
	      CTRL/S and CTRL/Q are active at all times, not just
	      during console output. The result is that both input
	      from the console and program execution with no con-
	      sole interaction (such as 'SCAN','WORD' and 'STRING'
	      command execution) can and will be paused and re-
	      started with these keys.

     During console terminal input, three other keys can be used to help
     with editing the input string of characters. These keys are RUBOUT,
     CTRL/U (which prints "^U") and CTRL/R (which prints "^R"). The action
     of RUBOUT and CTRL/U is exactly the same as it is for the OS/8 Monitor
     and Command Decoder (including usage of "scope mode" operation to
     change the action of the RUBOUT key from echoing the rubbed out
     characters between back slashes to erasing the characters from the
     screen). The action of CTRL/R is the same as that of the LINE-FEED key
     for the Monitor and Command Decoder.

     For those users with upper-lower case terminals, the program
     translates all lower case characters received from the keyboard to
     upper case. The characters are echoed and handled internally as upper
     case characters. While this makes use easier, it does not allow any
     lower-case characters to be input directly. In those cases where
     lower-case codes are needed in the modification of a file, either use
     the codes directly or use a text editor. Note that this translation
     occurs only on input. Lower case characters in a file will be printed
     to the best ability of the output device. This may produce incorrect
     results on upper-lower case line printers.

     All of the commands are taken in context, that is, many of the
     characters which are used in the single character command set will
     not be considered to be commands if they are included in a line which
     begins with a command word or if they are embedded within expressions.

     The carriage-return ("RETURN") always starts command execution, and is
     the terminator for all word-type command lines.


				      77


     K.1.4  Running FUTIL
     FUTIL is run using the OS/8 Monitor command "R FUTIL" (or "RU
     dev:FUTIL").

     When started, FUTIL is set up to access the system device, the 'ERROR'
     message output mode is set to 'LONG', the access 'MODE' is set to
     'NORMAL' and no file is known. To access some other device, give the
     command 'SET DEVICE dev'. To set the 'ERROR' mode to 'SHORT', give the
     command 'SET ERROR SHORT'. To use some other access mode, give a 'SET
     MODE <mode>' command with a <mode> of 'LOAD', 'OFFSET' or 'SAVE'. When
     in 'OFFSET' mode, the 'OFFSET' to be used can be specified by the
     command 'SET OFFSET nnnn'. Lastly, a file lookup can be performed by
     giving a 'FILE' command (with three default extensions).


     K.1.5  Access Method
     The program accesses the OS/8 device one OS/8 block (256 words) at a
     time. For every location specified, the real block and word are
     determined and compared with the current block in memory. If the
     desired block and current block are not the same, the
     <something-changed> flag is checked to see if anything has been
     changed in the current block. If nothing has been changed, the new
     block is read in. If something has been changed, the current (modified)
     block is first written out and then the new block is read in. This
     action happens correctly even when the access mode is changed because
     it is done at the level of the OS/8 block number right before calling
     the current 'DEVICE' handler. The status of the <something-changed>
     flag can be determined by simply 'SHOW'ing 'ABS', 'REL' or 'ODT'
     locations. If the flag is set, the word "MOD" will be output following
     location information.

     The contents of the OS/8 device are therefore not changed unless the
     block in which changes are made is written out either implicitly, as